Violating Social Norms - 1337 Words

| | |Violating Social Norms | | | | | | | | Did you ever feel†¦show more content†¦I was feeling a little more confident so I immediately stood about two-and-a-half feet away from him. He glanced at me at first, but did not say anything. Another customer and asked, â€Å"Do you mind if I just reach across you to grab that?† It was clear that the customer assumed we were together. When the other customer walked away, the subject stepped about a foot away from me. I casually stepped closer to him, as if I were following him. He then asked me, â€Å"Did you need to get over here?† I replied, â€Å"No, I’m OK† and continued to browse the section. He seemed very intimidated by my presence, though he had a very strong outward appearance, and spoke with firm, assertive tone. He finally grabbed his item, and then gave me a quick head nod and grimace goodbye. I followed him to the checkout line. When we approached the line, I was standing less than two feet behind him. He looked back and said, â€Å"It’s OK, you can go ahead of me.† As soon as I stepped in front, he moved approximately 4 feet away from me. The final subject was the person I stood in line behind at the checkout. The subject was Female, Caucasian, approximately the same height, body type and age as I. She was the third person in line. I was the fourth, and the guy from the deli section was the fifth. I noticed that while people were standing in line, each person allowed the customer who was paying at the counter stand 6Show MoreRelatedRisk of Violating Social Norms1041 Words   |  4 PagesRisk of Violating Social Norms When people break established rules in their community, others around them would have negative judgment on them. In the movie, Witness, directed by Peter Weir, James McFee and Paul Schaeffer remove detective John Book from their group because he is violating their actions, which is killing a man in the public restroom. In the article â€Å"Ain’t Nobody’s Business If You Do: Separation of Society and State† by Peter McWilliams, individuals in the society do not care muchRead MoreThe Role Of Rudeness Plays On Power Acquisition Differs Through Individualistic And Collectivist Cultures Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesPast studies have found that violating social norms increases the perceived power status of the violator in the eyes of others. However, studies have yet to examine if these perceptions would cause a rise in opportunities to acquire power, and how this varies across different cultures. To conduct this study, 5 groups of 10 participants, ranging in age fr om 25-35, will be asked to choose a leader for the group from two identical twin actors - one who violates social norms and one who follows them. Read MoreA Social Norm That Exists And Its Values Are Taught At An Early Age914 Words   |  4 Pages A social norm that exists and its values are taught at an early age to control and maintain order is line etiquette. This social norm exists in various instances to provide an expectation of acceptable behavior when driving a car, shopping, waiting to watch a movie or various other events. In elementary school, children learn to stand it line and wait their turn for numerous activities. During a fire drill, children learn to line up and follow the teacher when exiting the building. This controlRead MoreSocial Norm, Social, And Social Change1498 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch that I have conducted focused on breaking a social norm, the social norm I planned to violate was singing out loud on a bus. Violating this social norm acts a form o f social influence because the attitudes and behaviors that will be displayed on the bus can spark certain reactions from others. People that display certain social roles we expect people to act out those expectations for those roles (Kassin, 2014). In addition, as part of my social norm it can be considered to be different dependingRead MoreConsequences Of Violating A Norm927 Words   |  4 PagesSocial norms are behaviors, feelings and cognitions that a certain group has deemed as acceptable. People raised in a certain society or in a certain culture usually behave accordingly to those norms. These set of rules help guide people’s actions by letting them know what behavior is considered appropriate and making them think twice before violating them. Most people want to fit in and when someone violates a social norm they may be seen as different or as an outcast. That is why the majority isRead MoreStructural Functionalism : A Complex System1060 Words   |  5 Pagescontri butions to social stability. Structural functionalism attempts to explain why society focuses the way it does by targeting relationships such as race, religion, law etc. Each member of society fulfills certain functions to meet the needs that contribute to society’s stability and survival known as norms. Race provides an important way of understanding various parts of the social process. When social institution such as race, that provides meaning and stability in the social environment seemRead MoreValues, Norms, And Norms860 Words   |  4 Pagesin any society we develop a sense to conform and adjust to our surroundings but why? Our values in our society determines our norms and why we do the things we do. I recently sought out to break these social conformities that violated the values, and norms we hold as a society. Every society is different and, in every society there are different and similar values, norms, sanctions folkways, and mores. Breaking them up and analyzing them we began to understand why these terms and values are so importantRead MoreRational Choice Theory as a Deterant to Crime Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesRational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories in social science today. Many sociologists and political scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental actionRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Norms On Our Behavior1652 Words   |  7 Pagesbut to behave in certain ways in particular situations. Each social situation entails its own set of expectations about the â€Å"proper† way to behave. Such expectations can vary from group to group† (Saul McLeod). Social roles are the part s that people play as functioning members of a social group. â€Å"With each social role you adopt, your behavior changes to fit the expectations both you and others have of that role† (Saul McLeod). Social norms are the unwritten rules of society which tells us how peopleRead MoreThe Effects Of Norm Violation On The Perception Of Power1029 Words   |  5 PagesInvestigation of the Effects of Norm Violation On the Perception of Power Power governs our society. A powerful person is one that has authority over others. This sense of authority relieves them of the restrictions a person of lesser power might face, allowing them to make and break rules. The four studies conducted in â€Å"Breaking the Rules to Rise to Power: How Norm Violators Gain Power in the Eyes of Others† by Gerben A. Van Kleef, Astrid C. Homan, Catrin Finkenauer, Seval Gu ̈ndemir and Eftychia

Public Administration Free Essays

MPA – 014 : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1. Discuss the scope and implications of SHRM. The model just described represents an expansion on the more typical model that has been implied in the SHRM literature, in which HR practices are presumed to be associated with performance through their influence on employee skills, attitudes, and motivation IMPLICATIONS: SHRM Implies accepting the HR function as an integral part to the formulation of the companies strategies and Implementation of the same through specific HRM practices like recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel ? SHRM encourages managers to be proactive which means to think ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Attainment of organization objectives through human capital. ? It enhances individual performance by development of commitment at all levels. It enables development of need based personnel policy/HR policy as a prerequisite for optimum use of human resources. ? Integration of HRM policy with business goals or objectives. ? Developing supportive work culture in order to encourage creativity, team work, TQM as well as innovation and a sense of belonging. ? Creation of flexible environment because in flexible environment employees can easily adapt to changing competitive environment. ? Creation of flexible working hours/ function. ? Integration of people related issues with business issues. SHRM Implies a logically connected approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on employment policy and manpower strategy underpinned by Philosophy * SHRM implies the use of Planning to maximise the advantage from HRM * Implies that HRM activities and polices are aspects of ex plicitly formulated business strategy * It Recognises HR’s partnership role in the strategising process * Incorporates Ethical and legal considerations, which in turn have complex implications for the achievement of a wide range of business objectives like Equity; Consideration ; Commitment and Working Conditions . Discuss the Advantages and Shortcomings of HR Planing. Human resource planning can be defined as the process of identifying the number of people required by an organization in terms of quantity and quality. All human resource management activities start with human resource planning. HR Planning is the formal process of linking organisational strategy with Human resource Practices. HR Planning is also known as Manpower Planning. It is a technique of correcting imbalances between manpower demand and supply in an organisation at a micro level and in the economy at the macro level. The two aspects of manpower planning are Quantitative and Qualitative. HR Planning Occurs at several levels: Aggregated Workforce planning at the strategic level†¦ it is needed to counteract pulls and pressures of Globalisation Career Planning of Homogenous group of employees at the Tactical Level†¦ addresses the career planning and development needs of personnel in the organisation Posting and deployment planning of individuals at the operational level†¦ assists the HR managers to formulate optimal personnel posting and deployment plan for the employees ADVANTAGES: Human resources planning anticipate not only the required kind and number of employees but also determine the action plan for all functions of personnel management. a)  Human resource planning is   necessary   of   all organization . The cooperate pal of the organization   regarding expansion, diversification, technological change, should be backed up by the availability of human resources. It suggests modification in the plan when the expected manpower is not available. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It offsets uncertainty and change. Sometime the organization   may have machines and money but not men and consequently the production cannot be started. It offsets such uncertainly and changes to the maximum possible and enables the society to have right men at right time and in the right place. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It provides scope for advancement and development of employees through training, development etc. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to satisfy the individual needs of the employees for the promotions transfers, salary enhancement, better benefits etc. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in anticipating the cost of salary, benefits and all the cost of human resources facilitating the formulation of budgets in a society. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to foresee the need for redundancy and plans to check of human resources and to change the techniques of management. g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in planning for physical facilities, working conditions, the volume of fringe benefits like canteen, schools, hospitals, conveyance, child care centers, quarters, company stores etc. h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It causes the develo pment of various sources of human resources to meet the organizational needs. i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to take steps to improve human resource contributions in the form of increased productivity, sales, turnover etc. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It facilitates the control of all functions, operations, contribution and cost of human resources SHORTCOMINGS: 1. The future is uncertain :- The future in any country is uncertain i. e. there are political, cultural, technological changes taking place every day. This effects   the employment situation. Accordingly the company may have to appoint or remove people. Therefore HRP can only be a guiding   factor. We cannot rely too much on it and do every action according to it. 2. Conservative attitude of top management :- Much top management adopts a conservative attitude and is not ready to make changes. The process of HRP. 3. Problem of surplus staff :- HRP gives a clear out solution for excess staff i. e. Termination, layoff, VRS,. However when certain employees are removed from company it mostly affects the psyche of the existing employee, and they start feeling insecure, stressed out and do not believe in the company. This is a limitation of HRP i. e. it does not provide alternative solution like re-training so that employee need not be removed from the company. 4. Time consuming activity :- HRP collects information from all departments, regarding demand and supply of personnel. This information is collected in detail and each and every job is considered. Therefore the activity takes up a lot of time. 5. Expensive process :- The solution provided by process of HRP incurs expense. E. g. VRS, overtime, etc. company has to spend a lot of money in    carrying out the activity. Hence we can say the process is expensive. 6. Define TQM and differentiate it from the Traditional management Total quality management  or  TQM  is an integrative philosophy of  management  for continuously improving the  quality  of products and processes. 1] TQM can be applied to any type of organization; it originated in the manufacturing sector and has since been adapted for use in almost every type of organization Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comprehensive and structured approach to organizational management that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through ongoing refinements in response to continuous feedback TQM is based on the premise that t he quality of products and processes is the responsibility of everyone involved with the creation or consumption of the products or services offered by an organization, requiring the involvement of management, workforce, suppliers, and customers, to meet or exceed customer expectations. Nine common TQM practices:[2] 1. cross-functional product design 2. process management 3. supplier quality management 4. customer involvement 5. information and  feedback 6. committed  leadership 7. strategic planning 8. cross-functional training 9. employee involvement TQM processes are divided into four sequential categories: plan, do, check, and act (thePDCA cycle). In the  planning  phase, people define the problem to be addressed, collect relevant data, and ascertain the problem’s root cause; in the  doing  phase, people develop and implement a solution, and decide upon a measurement to gauge its effectiveness; in the  checking  phase, people confirm the results through before-and-after data comparison; in the  acting  phase, people document their results, inform others about process changes, and make recommendations for the problem to be addressed in the next PDCA cycle. Total quality management vs traditional management style Total quality management has changed the traditional management style forever. It was a very radical movement those days. Some of these changes are radical even today. Few of these changes are discussed below. Traditional way of management focused on internal activities. Quality had a meaning which was totally internally defined. Products or services provided by organization were assumed to be good in quality, if this organization has done its best in producing that product or service. But in total quality management, focus is the customer. So that ultimate decider of the quality is the customer. Fitting to the customer requirement was the least requirement while delighting them is the ultimate goal. Traditionally people thought bad quality products are due to the workers who do not perform their job correctly. One of the major differences between total quality management and traditional management style is the assignment of the responsibility of the quality to the management. Especially responsibility of the quality goes into the middle level management in the operational level. Total quality management is an organization wide movement. All the organization has to be in unity to apply TQM principles. Total quality management, unlike traditional management calls for high amount of team working. Team building, specially cross functional teams are feature of TQM. These teams will provide the necessary momentum to the implementation process and will propel the system forward, with very less resistance. TQM believes in quality assurance rather than checking. Quality is inbuilt to the system, so that products are assured to be in good quality. Some decision like narrowing down the supplier base is total quality management concepts used for this purpose, which is revolutionary still today. Unlike in traditional management style, total quality management makes decisions on facts and figures. Therefore problems are identified correctly. Therefore solutions are well planned. TQM depends on cyclic thinking. Also it is continuous. Therefore improvements are small, stable and continuous in nature. This is also known as Kaizen. These events are used in teambuilding, brain storming and decision making. There are many other differences between the old or the traditional way of management to the total quality management. In the bigger picture, TQM has basically changed the culture and the thinking patterns of the organization. TQM challenges Traditional Management * TQM is a direct challenge to traditional management. Because it is so different, it simply cannot be an â€Å"add-on† to traditional management. Nor can it be combined with traditional management structures when a corporation is restructuring. Trying to combine techniques will result in failure. Decision-Making Differences * In the traditional management model, decisions are centralized or made from the top down. This means a manager makes the decisions, and the lower levels are supposed to follow. It is very much like the military. In TQM, the lower levels have a hand in making decisions. For example, a machine operator notices his machine is making bad parts. In a traditional model, he calls the supervisor over, who makes the decision to call the maintenance department. In TQM, the employee makes the decision to call the maintenance department. Responsibility for Quality * In the traditional model, a quality control department or person assumes responsibility for the quality of the product. In the TQM model, the individual machine operator assumes responsibility for quality. In the traditional model, the quality control department spots bad products. It investigates and discovers a machine is worn out. In TQM, the machine operator herself inspects every part coming out of the machine. If all the operators inspect the product as it is being built, the entire crew becomes the quality control department. Focus * In traditional management, the focus is internalized, whereas in TQM the focus is external. This means in traditional management, the focus is on a â€Å"doing the best we can† philosophy. In TQM, the focus is on the customer, who may demand more than what the company expects of itself. In TQM, the customer is the final quality control inspector. Fault Finding * In traditional management, when something goes wrong with quality, the fault is usually directed at the employee. In TQM, the fault is placed on management, who did not perform their duties correctly. 4. Write a note on MBO Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources It refers to the process of setting goals for the employees so that they know what they are supposed to do at the workplace. Management by Objectives defines roles and responsibilities for the employees and help them chalk out their future course of action in the organization. Management by objectives guides the employees to deliver their level best and achieve the targets within the stipulated time frame. Some of the important features and advantages of MBO are: 1. Motivation – Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment. 2. Better communication and coordination – Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems. 3. Clarity of goals 4. Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person. 5. Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organization’s objectives. Need for Management by Objectives (MBO) The Management by Objectives process helps the employees to understand their duties at the workplace. * KRAs are designed for each employee as per their interest, specialization and educational qualification. * The employees are clear as to what is expected out of them. * Management by Objectives proces s leads to satisfied employees. It avoids job mismatch and unnecessary confusions later on. * Employees in their own way contribute to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization. Every employee has his own role at the workplace. Each one feels indispensable for the organization and eventually develops a feeling of loyalty towards the organization. They tend to stick to the organization for a longer span of time and contribute effectively. They enjoy at the workplace and do not treat work as a burden. * Management by Objectives ensures effective communication amongst the employees. It leads to a positive ambience at the workplace. * Management by Objectives leads to well defined hierarchies at the workplace. It ensures transparency at all levels. A supervisor of any organization would never directly interact with the Managing Director in case of queries. He would first meet his reporting boss who would then pass on the message to his senior and so on. Every one is clear about his position in the organization. * The MBO Process leads to highly motivated and committed employees. The MBO Process sets a benchmark for every employee. The superiors set targets for each of the team members. Each employee is given a list of specific tasks. Limitations of Management by objectives Process * It sometimes ignores the prevailing culture and working conditions of the organization. * More emphasis is being laid on targets and objectives. It just expects the employees to achieve their targets and meet the objectives of the organization without bothering much about the existing circumstances at the workplace. Employees are just expected to perform and meet the deadlines. The MBO Process sometimes do treat individuals as mere machines. The MBO process increases comparisons between individuals at the workplace. Employees tend to depend on nasty politics and other unproductive tasks to outshine their fellow workers. Employees do only what their superiors ask them to do. Their work lacks innovation, creativity and sometimes also becomes monotonous. 4. Write a note on Judicial Approach to Discipline Judicial Approaches To Discipline: In our last lecture we have discussed Grievance and Redress Mechanism. In our lecture of date we will discuss the Judicial Approaches to Discipline. You are aware that DISCIPLINE is must for the p rogress of any organisation and failure to maintain discipline created a number of problems. By having discipline in any organisation there shall be optimum utilization of the sources, which are available in the hands of entrepreneur. Beside what is stated above, effective  discipline  is  a  sign  of  sound  human  and  industrial  relations  and Organisational health. Need for Disciplinary Measure Rules and regulations are necessary to  maintain peace,  prevent anarchy, and  regulate conduct and behaviour of the people. The rules are made for those people who are not interested to maintain the basic principles of discipline. By enactment of the code of  conduct of discipline, the behaviour of the people is regulated Meaning of Discipline Orderliness Training corrects, moulds and strengthens discipline Punishment enforces the discipline Aspects of Discipline Positive Aspect – Employees believes in discipline and maintain their conduct as per code of as prescribed for maintaining discipline Negative Aspect – The employees some time do not adhere to the rules and regulations for maintaining discipline where they work. The failure to maintain the prescribed rules and regulations may invite disciplinary actions against the delinquent employees Objectives of Discipline 1. Willing acceptance of  rules and  regulations; 2. To impart elements of certainty 3. To develop spirit of tolerance and desire for adjustment; 4. Give  and seek direction  and  responsibility; 5. Create an atmosphere of respect for human relations6. To increase working efficiency and morale Constructive Programme of Discipline – It has been observed that some of the employees deviate from the expected standard of  behaviour. To have control over the behaviour of such persons, it has become essentialto have constructive programme of disciple to deal with such people who violates theseprinciples of discipline. This Programme can be based on the following principles: – 1. Formulation of a set of clear and  reasonable rules 2. Impartial enforcement of these  rules 3. Uniformed supervisory skills on  disciplinary matters  And  its strict adherence 4. Impartial and uniform system  of investigation INDISCIPLINE Disorderliness Insubordination and not to follow the code of conduct. Causes of Indiscipline i) Non- placement  of  right  persons  on  the right  job  according  to  qualification and experience ii) Undesirable  behaviour  of  senior  officials iii) Faulty evaluation  of  persons iv) Lack  of  communication v) Lack  of  communication v) Weak  leadership vi) Defective supervision and  absence  of  good  supervisors Viii) Lack of properly drawn rules  and regulations ix) Illiteracy and  low intellectual level of  knowledge. x)Workers  reaction  to  rigidity  and  multiplicity  of  rules xi)Workers personal problems like fear, lack of confidence xii)Bad  working  conditions xiii)Absence of enlighten, sympathetic and scientific  approach of  management xiv)Errors of judgements .xv)Discrimination xvi)Undesirable management practices xvii)Improper  coordination, delegation  of powers/authority xviii)Psychological  reasons ix)Misunderstanding Approaches to Discipline 1. Human relations  approach 2. Human resources  approach 3. Group discipline  approach4. The Leadership  approach 5. The Judicial Approach The principles  indicated  by  the  Supreme  Court  for proceedings  against  thedelinquent  employee  are  known  as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles  of  a  Natural  Justice†Ã‚  these include: 1. The  delinquent  employee  must  be  indicated  in  unambiguous  terms about charge levelled against him; 2. The delinquent employee must be given an opportunity for conducting his defence, I. e. by cross examination of the witness. 3. The enquiry  should be fair and enquiry officer should be impartial 4. The evidence should be put forward in the presence of the employed charged; 5. Punishment  should be  proportionate to misconduct  committed Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 We have, while having discussions of the above act, described the act of omission and commissions, which are alleged to have been committed by the delinquent employees. However, to revise the same, the same are given as under : i. Wilful insubordination or disobedience (whether alone or in combination with others) of any lawful and reasonable orders, rules or regulation; ii. Refusal to work  on  a job or  machine which has  been  assigned to him; iii. Refusal to accept or reply charge sheet within the prescribed period of time ; iv. Theft, fraud or dishonesty in connection with the property of  the company; v. Theft of  another employee’s property inside  the industrial area or company premises vi. Causing wilful  damage  to or loss of  , the employer’s goods or property; vii. Causing damage to product in process or property; viii. Sabotage  of,  or interference with safety devices ix. Disregard  of any  operational or  maintenance instructions or carelessness  in  the  performance  of  operational  and maintenance job; x. Non-observance  of  safety  precautions and  rules; xi. Taking  or  giving  bribe or any  illegal gratification. xii. Acceptance  of  gifts  from  subordinates xiii. Habitual late  coming; xiv. Absence  from  duty  without  leave; xv. Overstay when on leave  without  prior  authorized permission; xvi. Absence  from  work  without  permission  for  more  than consecutive days xvii. Leaving  the  work premises  with  authorized  permission; xviii. Entering or leaving, or attempting to enter or leave, the work  premises except through authorized entrance; xix. Assaulting or abusing or in any way insulting an officer of the company inside or outside the premises of the organisation; xx. Drunkenness, or coming to work  under  the influence  of  drink; xxi. Gambling on  company property and company premises; xxii. Fighting  or  indulging  in  riotous,  disorderly  or  indecentbehaviour in the company premises or indulging in any act which subversive of discipline; xxiii. Smoking  in  prohibited  area xxiv. Gross negligence of duty; xxv. Sleeping  while on duty; xxvi. Threatening or intimating  any employee inside or  outside the company premises; xxvii. Unlawful interference  in the  work  of other employees; xxviii. Tardiness, slow tactics or neglecting to perform properly xxix. Striking or inciting other to go on strike; xxx. Collecting  any  money  or canvassing  the  collection of  money inside the premises; xxxi. Holding  of unauthorized meeting in the premises. xxxii. Distribution  or  exhibition  with  the  premises  of  the establishment of any news paper, notice, pamphlets or poster without prior permission; xxxiii. Unauthorized use of company quarters or land for any purposeother than lawful purpose; xxxiv. Conduct in private life which is prejudicial to the reputation of  the company; xxxv. Conviction in any court of  law of any criminal  offence or an offence involving moral turpitude; xxxvi. Approaching the higher authority through outside agency orpersons for promotion, transfer etc. ; xxxvii. Unauthorized communication of  official documents xxxviii. Giving false  information about his name father’s name age, qualification, pervious experience. , at the time of appointment; xxxix. Writing of anonymous letters or letters written under differentnames criticizing management xl. Spreading false  rum  ours or giving  false  information or making defamatory statements (written or oral) xli. Failure on the part of the employee to inform medical officer regarding infectious disease of his family members xlii. Carrying on money  of  other business xliii. Speculation of any commodity; xliv. Insolvency; xlv. Abetment or attempt any attempt to commit act of misconduct; xlvi. Breach of any rules of the company xlvii. Preaching or inciting  people to violence; xlviii. Illegal  strike xlix. Failure or refusal to wear any protective equipment given by the company . How to cite Public Administration, Essay examples Public Administration Free Essays MPA – 014 : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1. Discuss the scope and implications of SHRM. The model just described represents an expansion on the more typical model that has been implied in the SHRM literature, in which HR practices are presumed to be associated with performance through their influence on employee skills, attitudes, and motivation IMPLICATIONS: SHRM Implies accepting the HR function as an integral part to the formulation of the companies strategies and Implementation of the same through specific HRM practices like recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel ? SHRM encourages managers to be proactive which means to think ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Attainment of organization objectives through human capital. ? It enhances individual performance by development of commitment at all levels. It enables development of need based personnel policy/HR policy as a prerequisite for optimum use of human resources. ? Integration of HRM policy with business goals or objectives. ? Developing supportive work culture in order to encourage creativity, team work, TQM as well as innovation and a sense of belonging. ? Creation of flexible environment because in flexible environment employees can easily adapt to changing competitive environment. ? Creation of flexible working hours/ function. ? Integration of people related issues with business issues. SHRM Implies a logically connected approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on employment policy and manpower strategy underpinned by Philosophy * SHRM implies the use of Planning to maximise the advantage from HRM * Implies that HRM activities and polices are aspects of ex plicitly formulated business strategy * It Recognises HR’s partnership role in the strategising process * Incorporates Ethical and legal considerations, which in turn have complex implications for the achievement of a wide range of business objectives like Equity; Consideration ; Commitment and Working Conditions . Discuss the Advantages and Shortcomings of HR Planing. Human resource planning can be defined as the process of identifying the number of people required by an organization in terms of quantity and quality. All human resource management activities start with human resource planning. HR Planning is the formal process of linking organisational strategy with Human resource Practices. HR Planning is also known as Manpower Planning. It is a technique of correcting imbalances between manpower demand and supply in an organisation at a micro level and in the economy at the macro level. The two aspects of manpower planning are Quantitative and Qualitative. HR Planning Occurs at several levels: Aggregated Workforce planning at the strategic level†¦ it is needed to counteract pulls and pressures of Globalisation Career Planning of Homogenous group of employees at the Tactical Level†¦ addresses the career planning and development needs of personnel in the organisation Posting and deployment planning of individuals at the operational level†¦ assists the HR managers to formulate optimal personnel posting and deployment plan for the employees ADVANTAGES: Human resources planning anticipate not only the required kind and number of employees but also determine the action plan for all functions of personnel management. a)  Human resource planning is   necessary   of   all organization . The cooperate pal of the organization   regarding expansion, diversification, technological change, should be backed up by the availability of human resources. It suggests modification in the plan when the expected manpower is not available. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It offsets uncertainty and change. Sometime the organization   may have machines and money but not men and consequently the production cannot be started. It offsets such uncertainly and changes to the maximum possible and enables the society to have right men at right time and in the right place. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It provides scope for advancement and development of employees through training, development etc. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to satisfy the individual needs of the employees for the promotions transfers, salary enhancement, better benefits etc. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in anticipating the cost of salary, benefits and all the cost of human resources facilitating the formulation of budgets in a society. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to foresee the need for redundancy and plans to check of human resources and to change the techniques of management. g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in planning for physical facilities, working conditions, the volume of fringe benefits like canteen, schools, hospitals, conveyance, child care centers, quarters, company stores etc. h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It causes the develo pment of various sources of human resources to meet the organizational needs. i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to take steps to improve human resource contributions in the form of increased productivity, sales, turnover etc. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It facilitates the control of all functions, operations, contribution and cost of human resources SHORTCOMINGS: 1. The future is uncertain :- The future in any country is uncertain i. e. there are political, cultural, technological changes taking place every day. This effects   the employment situation. Accordingly the company may have to appoint or remove people. Therefore HRP can only be a guiding   factor. We cannot rely too much on it and do every action according to it. 2. Conservative attitude of top management :- Much top management adopts a conservative attitude and is not ready to make changes. The process of HRP. 3. Problem of surplus staff :- HRP gives a clear out solution for excess staff i. e. Termination, layoff, VRS,. However when certain employees are removed from company it mostly affects the psyche of the existing employee, and they start feeling insecure, stressed out and do not believe in the company. This is a limitation of HRP i. e. it does not provide alternative solution like re-training so that employee need not be removed from the company. 4. Time consuming activity :- HRP collects information from all departments, regarding demand and supply of personnel. This information is collected in detail and each and every job is considered. Therefore the activity takes up a lot of time. 5. Expensive process :- The solution provided by process of HRP incurs expense. E. g. VRS, overtime, etc. company has to spend a lot of money in    carrying out the activity. Hence we can say the process is expensive. 6. Define TQM and differentiate it from the Traditional management Total quality management  or  TQM  is an integrative philosophy of  management  for continuously improving the  quality  of products and processes. 1] TQM can be applied to any type of organization; it originated in the manufacturing sector and has since been adapted for use in almost every type of organization Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comprehensive and structured approach to organizational management that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through ongoing refinements in response to continuous feedback TQM is based on the premise that t he quality of products and processes is the responsibility of everyone involved with the creation or consumption of the products or services offered by an organization, requiring the involvement of management, workforce, suppliers, and customers, to meet or exceed customer expectations. Nine common TQM practices:[2] 1. cross-functional product design 2. process management 3. supplier quality management 4. customer involvement 5. information and  feedback 6. committed  leadership 7. strategic planning 8. cross-functional training 9. employee involvement TQM processes are divided into four sequential categories: plan, do, check, and act (thePDCA cycle). In the  planning  phase, people define the problem to be addressed, collect relevant data, and ascertain the problem’s root cause; in the  doing  phase, people develop and implement a solution, and decide upon a measurement to gauge its effectiveness; in the  checking  phase, people confirm the results through before-and-after data comparison; in the  acting  phase, people document their results, inform others about process changes, and make recommendations for the problem to be addressed in the next PDCA cycle. Total quality management vs traditional management style Total quality management has changed the traditional management style forever. It was a very radical movement those days. Some of these changes are radical even today. Few of these changes are discussed below. Traditional way of management focused on internal activities. Quality had a meaning which was totally internally defined. Products or services provided by organization were assumed to be good in quality, if this organization has done its best in producing that product or service. But in total quality management, focus is the customer. So that ultimate decider of the quality is the customer. Fitting to the customer requirement was the least requirement while delighting them is the ultimate goal. Traditionally people thought bad quality products are due to the workers who do not perform their job correctly. One of the major differences between total quality management and traditional management style is the assignment of the responsibility of the quality to the management. Especially responsibility of the quality goes into the middle level management in the operational level. Total quality management is an organization wide movement. All the organization has to be in unity to apply TQM principles. Total quality management, unlike traditional management calls for high amount of team working. Team building, specially cross functional teams are feature of TQM. These teams will provide the necessary momentum to the implementation process and will propel the system forward, with very less resistance. TQM believes in quality assurance rather than checking. Quality is inbuilt to the system, so that products are assured to be in good quality. Some decision like narrowing down the supplier base is total quality management concepts used for this purpose, which is revolutionary still today. Unlike in traditional management style, total quality management makes decisions on facts and figures. Therefore problems are identified correctly. Therefore solutions are well planned. TQM depends on cyclic thinking. Also it is continuous. Therefore improvements are small, stable and continuous in nature. This is also known as Kaizen. These events are used in teambuilding, brain storming and decision making. There are many other differences between the old or the traditional way of management to the total quality management. In the bigger picture, TQM has basically changed the culture and the thinking patterns of the organization. TQM challenges Traditional Management * TQM is a direct challenge to traditional management. Because it is so different, it simply cannot be an â€Å"add-on† to traditional management. Nor can it be combined with traditional management structures when a corporation is restructuring. Trying to combine techniques will result in failure. Decision-Making Differences * In the traditional management model, decisions are centralized or made from the top down. This means a manager makes the decisions, and the lower levels are supposed to follow. It is very much like the military. In TQM, the lower levels have a hand in making decisions. For example, a machine operator notices his machine is making bad parts. In a traditional model, he calls the supervisor over, who makes the decision to call the maintenance department. In TQM, the employee makes the decision to call the maintenance department. Responsibility for Quality * In the traditional model, a quality control department or person assumes responsibility for the quality of the product. In the TQM model, the individual machine operator assumes responsibility for quality. In the traditional model, the quality control department spots bad products. It investigates and discovers a machine is worn out. In TQM, the machine operator herself inspects every part coming out of the machine. If all the operators inspect the product as it is being built, the entire crew becomes the quality control department. Focus * In traditional management, the focus is internalized, whereas in TQM the focus is external. This means in traditional management, the focus is on a â€Å"doing the best we can† philosophy. In TQM, the focus is on the customer, who may demand more than what the company expects of itself. In TQM, the customer is the final quality control inspector. Fault Finding * In traditional management, when something goes wrong with quality, the fault is usually directed at the employee. In TQM, the fault is placed on management, who did not perform their duties correctly. 4. Write a note on MBO Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources It refers to the process of setting goals for the employees so that they know what they are supposed to do at the workplace. Management by Objectives defines roles and responsibilities for the employees and help them chalk out their future course of action in the organization. Management by objectives guides the employees to deliver their level best and achieve the targets within the stipulated time frame. Some of the important features and advantages of MBO are: 1. Motivation – Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment. 2. Better communication and coordination – Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems. 3. Clarity of goals 4. Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person. 5. Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organization’s objectives. Need for Management by Objectives (MBO) The Management by Objectives process helps the employees to understand their duties at the workplace. * KRAs are designed for each employee as per their interest, specialization and educational qualification. * The employees are clear as to what is expected out of them. * Management by Objectives proces s leads to satisfied employees. It avoids job mismatch and unnecessary confusions later on. * Employees in their own way contribute to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization. Every employee has his own role at the workplace. Each one feels indispensable for the organization and eventually develops a feeling of loyalty towards the organization. They tend to stick to the organization for a longer span of time and contribute effectively. They enjoy at the workplace and do not treat work as a burden. * Management by Objectives ensures effective communication amongst the employees. It leads to a positive ambience at the workplace. * Management by Objectives leads to well defined hierarchies at the workplace. It ensures transparency at all levels. A supervisor of any organization would never directly interact with the Managing Director in case of queries. He would first meet his reporting boss who would then pass on the message to his senior and so on. Every one is clear about his position in the organization. * The MBO Process leads to highly motivated and committed employees. The MBO Process sets a benchmark for every employee. The superiors set targets for each of the team members. Each employee is given a list of specific tasks. Limitations of Management by objectives Process * It sometimes ignores the prevailing culture and working conditions of the organization. * More emphasis is being laid on targets and objectives. It just expects the employees to achieve their targets and meet the objectives of the organization without bothering much about the existing circumstances at the workplace. Employees are just expected to perform and meet the deadlines. The MBO Process sometimes do treat individuals as mere machines. The MBO process increases comparisons between individuals at the workplace. Employees tend to depend on nasty politics and other unproductive tasks to outshine their fellow workers. Employees do only what their superiors ask them to do. Their work lacks innovation, creativity and sometimes also becomes monotonous. 4. Write a note on Judicial Approach to Discipline Judicial Approaches To Discipline: In our last lecture we have discussed Grievance and Redress Mechanism. In our lecture of date we will discuss the Judicial Approaches to Discipline. You are aware that DISCIPLINE is must for the p rogress of any organisation and failure to maintain discipline created a number of problems. By having discipline in any organisation there shall be optimum utilization of the sources, which are available in the hands of entrepreneur. Beside what is stated above, effective  discipline  is  a  sign  of  sound  human  and  industrial  relations  and Organisational health. Need for Disciplinary Measure Rules and regulations are necessary to  maintain peace,  prevent anarchy, and  regulate conduct and behaviour of the people. The rules are made for those people who are not interested to maintain the basic principles of discipline. By enactment of the code of  conduct of discipline, the behaviour of the people is regulated Meaning of Discipline Orderliness Training corrects, moulds and strengthens discipline Punishment enforces the discipline Aspects of Discipline Positive Aspect – Employees believes in discipline and maintain their conduct as per code of as prescribed for maintaining discipline Negative Aspect – The employees some time do not adhere to the rules and regulations for maintaining discipline where they work. The failure to maintain the prescribed rules and regulations may invite disciplinary actions against the delinquent employees Objectives of Discipline 1. Willing acceptance of  rules and  regulations; 2. To impart elements of certainty 3. To develop spirit of tolerance and desire for adjustment; 4. Give  and seek direction  and  responsibility; 5. Create an atmosphere of respect for human relations6. To increase working efficiency and morale Constructive Programme of Discipline – It has been observed that some of the employees deviate from the expected standard of  behaviour. To have control over the behaviour of such persons, it has become essentialto have constructive programme of disciple to deal with such people who violates theseprinciples of discipline. This Programme can be based on the following principles: – 1. Formulation of a set of clear and  reasonable rules 2. Impartial enforcement of these  rules 3. Uniformed supervisory skills on  disciplinary matters  And  its strict adherence 4. Impartial and uniform system  of investigation INDISCIPLINE Disorderliness Insubordination and not to follow the code of conduct. Causes of Indiscipline i) Non- placement  of  right  persons  on  the right  job  according  to  qualification and experience ii) Undesirable  behaviour  of  senior  officials iii) Faulty evaluation  of  persons iv) Lack  of  communication v) Lack  of  communication v) Weak  leadership vi) Defective supervision and  absence  of  good  supervisors Viii) Lack of properly drawn rules  and regulations ix) Illiteracy and  low intellectual level of  knowledge. x)Workers  reaction  to  rigidity  and  multiplicity  of  rules xi)Workers personal problems like fear, lack of confidence xii)Bad  working  conditions xiii)Absence of enlighten, sympathetic and scientific  approach of  management xiv)Errors of judgements .xv)Discrimination xvi)Undesirable management practices xvii)Improper  coordination, delegation  of powers/authority xviii)Psychological  reasons ix)Misunderstanding Approaches to Discipline 1. Human relations  approach 2. Human resources  approach 3. Group discipline  approach4. The Leadership  approach 5. The Judicial Approach The principles  indicated  by  the  Supreme  Court  for proceedings  against  thedelinquent  employee  are  known  as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles  of  a  Natural  Justice†Ã‚  these include: 1. The  delinquent  employee  must  be  indicated  in  unambiguous  terms about charge levelled against him; 2. The delinquent employee must be given an opportunity for conducting his defence, I. e. by cross examination of the witness. 3. The enquiry  should be fair and enquiry officer should be impartial 4. The evidence should be put forward in the presence of the employed charged; 5. Punishment  should be  proportionate to misconduct  committed Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 We have, while having discussions of the above act, described the act of omission and commissions, which are alleged to have been committed by the delinquent employees. However, to revise the same, the same are given as under : i. Wilful insubordination or disobedience (whether alone or in combination with others) of any lawful and reasonable orders, rules or regulation; ii. Refusal to work  on  a job or  machine which has  been  assigned to him; iii. Refusal to accept or reply charge sheet within the prescribed period of time ; iv. Theft, fraud or dishonesty in connection with the property of  the company; v. Theft of  another employee’s property inside  the industrial area or company premises vi. Causing wilful  damage  to or loss of  , the employer’s goods or property; vii. Causing damage to product in process or property; viii. Sabotage  of,  or interference with safety devices ix. Disregard  of any  operational or  maintenance instructions or carelessness  in  the  performance  of  operational  and maintenance job; x. Non-observance  of  safety  precautions and  rules; xi. Taking  or  giving  bribe or any  illegal gratification. xii. Acceptance  of  gifts  from  subordinates xiii. Habitual late  coming; xiv. Absence  from  duty  without  leave; xv. Overstay when on leave  without  prior  authorized permission; xvi. Absence  from  work  without  permission  for  more  than consecutive days xvii. Leaving  the  work premises  with  authorized  permission; xviii. Entering or leaving, or attempting to enter or leave, the work  premises except through authorized entrance; xix. Assaulting or abusing or in any way insulting an officer of the company inside or outside the premises of the organisation; xx. Drunkenness, or coming to work  under  the influence  of  drink; xxi. Gambling on  company property and company premises; xxii. Fighting  or  indulging  in  riotous,  disorderly  or  indecentbehaviour in the company premises or indulging in any act which subversive of discipline; xxiii. Smoking  in  prohibited  area xxiv. Gross negligence of duty; xxv. Sleeping  while on duty; xxvi. Threatening or intimating  any employee inside or  outside the company premises; xxvii. Unlawful interference  in the  work  of other employees; xxviii. Tardiness, slow tactics or neglecting to perform properly xxix. Striking or inciting other to go on strike; xxx. Collecting  any  money  or canvassing  the  collection of  money inside the premises; xxxi. Holding  of unauthorized meeting in the premises. xxxii. Distribution  or  exhibition  with  the  premises  of  the establishment of any news paper, notice, pamphlets or poster without prior permission; xxxiii. Unauthorized use of company quarters or land for any purposeother than lawful purpose; xxxiv. Conduct in private life which is prejudicial to the reputation of  the company; xxxv. Conviction in any court of  law of any criminal  offence or an offence involving moral turpitude; xxxvi. Approaching the higher authority through outside agency orpersons for promotion, transfer etc. ; xxxvii. Unauthorized communication of  official documents xxxviii. Giving false  information about his name father’s name age, qualification, pervious experience. , at the time of appointment; xxxix. Writing of anonymous letters or letters written under differentnames criticizing management xl. Spreading false  rum  ours or giving  false  information or making defamatory statements (written or oral) xli. Failure on the part of the employee to inform medical officer regarding infectious disease of his family members xlii. Carrying on money  of  other business xliii. Speculation of any commodity; xliv. Insolvency; xlv. Abetment or attempt any attempt to commit act of misconduct; xlvi. Breach of any rules of the company xlvii. Preaching or inciting  people to violence; xlviii. Illegal  strike xlix. Failure or refusal to wear any protective equipment given by the company . How to cite Public Administration, Papers

Advertising and Management

Question: Discuss about the Advertising and Management. Answer: Introduction (100 words) Advertising is an integral part of modern day business. Many enterprises have used it as a tool for conveying product advantage thus gaining appeal and positive results. In other words, the perception of the consumers is dependent of the manner in which the adverts are used to convey the message about the target product. Thus, the objective of this paper is to design an advertising plan for Nestle Company in Australia. The program outlines the 7Ms of advertising up to and including innovative measures so as to ensure that the objectives of the plan are smart and achievable by the end of the advertising campaign (Bruce, Barringer, and Duane Ireland, 2006). Background Information on the Product Nestle Company acquired the full ownership of the Dreyers Ice cream company in 2006 making it the leading producers of packaged food products in the world. The brand of Dreyers ice cream in Australia is increasing gaining momentum among the young children. The company is based in Western Australian but commands the market in the entire region (Gustibus, 2013). Data from market researchers reveals that a greater percentage of Australian people love ice cream. This has made Nestle to stock several store and supermarkets with their products. Besides Reich, Paun, and Davies, (2005) outlines that Dreyers Ice cream, Nestle have over 60 brands of products registered under its name in a bid to realize their objective of catering for every need of all people across the nation. Nestle Company is the world leading producers of packaged foods including ice cream. It is seconded by Kraft and Unilever in that order. Part of the companys mission is to add vitality in life through innovation of new brand of products. Among the most loved ice cream available in the Australian market include the Dreyers, and Drumstick. Headquartered in US but have subsidiaries in different regions, Nestle commands over 18% of the world total market. However, with increasing competition from other producers such as Unilever, advertising plan remains the only option for Nestle to continue holding its market share and even expand it further. The project outlines strategies that can be employed by Nestle to extend its market share among the young generation. Target Audience (300) One of most important stages for every enterprise undertaking marketing and strategic planning is target marketing. It enables a company to separate consumers based on similarity of needs and preferences (Duncan, 2005; Mullin, 2014). When a company identifies a target group(s), it becomes very easy to conquer a market niche and increase brand loyalty. The bases of market segmentation include demography, psychographic, and behavioral pattern. For this paper, demographic segment shall be analyzed, particularly with regard to age. Outlined below is the target market for Nestles Dreyers Ice cream. Juniors (below 12 years old) Even though this segment has often been despised as having low purchasing power, its ability to influence the process of decision making on purchases cannot be overlooked. The behavioral pattern of the junior market is often reinforced by their elders who could be their parents, guardians, and/or caregivers. For examples, the parents or guardians may reward them with the ice cream or money for ice cream following an obedient act. A secondary segment to this segment is the parents of the 3 -12 year old children since they often make the purchase decision on behalf of their children. Over seventy five percent of ice cream users are children aged between 3 and 12 years, thus they form the primary users of the product. Nevertheless, it is not the children that neither do the purchases nor the actual consumers. Thus, Nestle need to target household purchasers who are often fathers, mothers, guardians, and secondarily children under close monitoring. Thus, to reach the intended market Nest le will have to intertwine with the senior markets. Another segment market for the product is the wholesalers and organizations. Wholesalers purchase the product based on sales volume and discount obtainable. On the other hand, organizations purchase the products for occasion such as meeting, gatherings, and parties. Communication Objectives To create awareness of the Dreyers Ice cream brand and product among seventy percent of the target audience after the implementation of IMC plan and the product is launched within a span of one year or two. Awareness is defined by the ability to recognize the brand logo, and identify products by the Nestle and associate the quality with the characteristics of the brand (Schroeder, 2016). Create interest in the Ice cream product in over half of the target audience one year into the implementation of IMC plan and launching of the product. To build up and position a differentiation strategy that will position Dreyers Ice cream in the mind of customers with causing confusion with other similar brands that are available in the market. Realize at least fifteen percent of the total annual sales of the Nestle Australia within the span of 12 months. Use the Dreyers product brand to gain a foot trend for Nestles Ice Cream. In other words, formulating a reposition strategy to alter the consumers long-held notion of seeing ice cream as junk food but rather as part of a dish that is nutritionally valuable for the family (Woods Marian Burk, 2010). Creative Strategies The main objective of advertising this brand is to make Dreyers ice cream the fun brand for the young generation. One of the key strategies is to increase social media presence so as to increase recognition of the brand among consumers in places such as Twitter, Facebook, Tumbler, Youtube, and Pinterest. Research has shown the ad repetition helps in facilitating learning and thus enables the consumers to get more familiar with the product. Cognitive message are recommended for when introducing products that are low involving like ice cream (Terence, 2010). Develop concepts that revolves around the using of ice cream within a family setup Create the concept of affordability that sounds expensive Remain flexible with regard to current campaign strategies Media Plan Media Media Channels Trends and Schedule in Media Channels Television National TV networks e.g The Television network were chosen based on popularity within the region and the frequency of coverage whether high that would enable potential consumers to see the product Radio The radio stations chosen are the top in the country and adverts are aired for extended period of time. Mail Order Homes, Offices, and Post Boxes Pamphlets and bronchures shall be made available to all homes across the country to create awareness of the new product and its features Newspaper The newspapers have a high reach. It is proposed that the advert will appear in the newspapers three times per week Internet Forums, websites, and fan page A personalized website shall be created alongside fan page such as facebook and forum pages such as Twitter to run during the campaign period. Conclusion The main goal of this research was to create and IMC plan for the recently launch ice cream product. It was evident that best places for targeting the parents are through promotional events, television, public relations, internet and direct mail. To gain the market share from the current competitors, Nestle will have to employ the above mentioned mediums. This will position the brand among the best ice cream products in the region. When launching a new product, there is need to solicit trails. Thus samples should be availed at different outlets. Lastly, Nestle Company must focus on ensuring that their marketing strategy campaigns are integrated. The plan has outlined five main media that can be employed in promoting the product across all targets. Bibliography Belch, G; Belch, M; Kerr, G and Powell, I., 2011, Advertising: An Integrated MarketingCommunication Perspective, 3rd Edition, Australia, McGraw Hill. Bruce R. Barringer, R., and Duane Ireland, 2006, Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, NY, Pearson Prentice Hall. Duncan Tom, Ph.D. 2005. Principles of advertising and IMC, second edition. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Gustibus, D., 2013, Ice Creams Identity Crisis, The New York Times Kunz, G.I. 2005, Merchandising: Theory, Principles and Practice, Fairchild, New York, NY. Mullin R., 2014. Promotional marketing: how to create, implement and integrate campaigns that really work. Percy L., and Rosenbaum-Elliot R., 2012, Strategic advertising management. Fourth edition. Oxford University Press. Reich, D., Paun, R., Davies, S., 2005, We All Scream for Ice Cream: An Analysis of the Nestl-Dreyers Merger. Retrieved from https://www.mcafee.cc/Classes/BEM106/Papers/2005/IceCream.pdf Rossiter John R and Bellman Steven. 2005. Marketing communications theory and applications. Pearson Prentice Hall. Schroeder, E., 2016, Nestle moves to simplify ingredients in ice cream, Food Business News, Terence A. Shimp. 2010. Integrated Marketing Communication in Advertising and Promotion. International edition. South-Western Cengage Learning Woods Marian Burk. 2010. Essential Guide to marketing planning. FT Prentice Hall Financial Times

The emotional emptiness in Araby by James Joyce Essay Example

The emotional emptiness in Araby by James Joyce Paper Setting is the time and place of the actions in the story. However, setting can be more than this. Setting maybe used as an antagonist, a reflection of an emotional emptiness, the source of atmosphere/mood, a metaphor for human life and a reinforcement of the storys conflict. In James Joyces short story, Araby, setting reflects the emotional emptiness of the boy narrator. The imagery of the opening paragraph like in this sentence, North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quite street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers School set the boys free. An uninhabited house of two stories stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbors in a square ground describes not only the loneliness between the neighbors but in particular the emotional emptiness of the boy. Besides that, it shows a hidden symbol that love can or is blind. This blind love is exactly what the boy is going through from the stage of childhood to adulthood. We will write a custom essay sample on The emotional emptiness in Araby by James Joyce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The emotional emptiness in Araby by James Joyce specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The emotional emptiness in Araby by James Joyce specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another illustration which shows that the boy is trapped by his own emotional feelings is described in this sentence: One evening I went into the back drawing-room in which the priest had died. It was a dark rainy-evening and there was no sound in the house. Through one of the broken panes I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. I was thankful that I could see so little. The death of the priest, dark-rainy evening, no sound in the house, are all imagery to describe an atmospheric state of internal emptiness of the boy. The last sentence, where the boy was thankful to see so little, shows that it would have made his emotions worse when he had seen more of the room. The boys emotional circumstances do not only last in the beginning of the story, but it is an incessant sentiment until the end when he arrives at the almost-closed bazaar. Nearly all the stalls where closed and the greater part of the hall was in darkness, this again shows that the boy is still feeling the same way. He could not buy anything for the girl which even puts his emotional state more down. my eyes burned with anguish and anger, these are the last words of the short story which shows the reader that the boys feelings didnt get better and that there is no happy ending for the boy but rather an increase of emotional emptiness. The use of setting as an antagonist is another way of describing the situation of the story. The short story The Chrysanthemums written by John Steinbeck, uses this kind of setting like you can see in the first two sentences of the story: The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot. This already describes the atmosphere in which Elisa is living in; it is her own opponent. The atmosphere in Elisas life is grim; there is no sunshine in the valley now and the air is cold and tender as it is described by the author in the story, showing again that setting can be adversary. Later on, when Elisa looked back at the river road where the tinker had come from, she notices that under a high gray fog the willows look like a thin band of sunshine Which means that the setting is still her opponent and only the road where the tinker came from is here only hope for freedom, This was the only color in the grey afternoon. Setting can be used as a source of atmosphere and mood. Edgar Allen Poe uses this style of setting in the story The Fall of the House of Usher to give the story its own unique atmosphere. It possesses the typical features of a Gothic tale: a haunted house, dreary landscape, mysterious sickness, and doubled personality (Madeline and Roderick). However, part of the terror of this story is its imprecision. We cannot say for sure where in the world or exactly when the story takes place. Instead of standard story writers of place and time, Poe uses elements such as inclement weather and a barren landscape. The setting in this story plays an essential role because it establishes an atmosphere of dreariness, melancholy, and decay. The Usher family mansion is isolated and located in a singularly dreary tract of country. This style of setting, gives an atmosphere of horror to the reader. The house stirs up in the narrator a sense of insufferable gloom, and it is described as having bleak walls, and vacant eye-like windows. The interior of the house is equally desolate, with vaulted and fretted ceilings, dark draperies hung upon the walls, and furniture that is comfortless, antique and tattered. These all contribute to the mood which makes up the atmosphere of the story. Edgar Allen Poe uses the narrator to describe the house so that the reader feels how dark and evil this place must be. In the story The Blind Man written by D. H. Lawrence, setting is used as a source to reinforce the conflict of the story. The author uses imagery as an element to show the conflict to the readers. The relationship of Maurice and Isabel has begun to break down on Maurices dependency on her, an entirely reasonable one given the circumstances. When Maurice, while upstairs changing, hears Isabel and Bertie talking and feels a childish sense of desolation; he seemed shut outlike a child that is left out. But there is more to it than that, for it is clearly a feeling of dependency, which reinforces the conflict, rather than jealousy that distresses him: He had almost a childish nostalgia to be included in the life circle. And at the same time he was a man, dark and powerful and infuriated by his own weakness. By some fatal flaw, he could not be by himself, he had to depend on the support of another. And this very dependence enraged him. Another perspective to look at the reinforcing of conflict is the house of Maurice. Even though he is blind, he still knows his surroundings, He seemed to know the presence of objects before he touched them. It was a pleasure to him to rock thus through a world of things This made him happy of his ability to see the objects but yet it tortured him inside: then it would beat inside him like a tangled sea, and he was tortured in the shattered chaos of his own blood. He grew to dread this arrest, this throw-back, this chaos inside himself, when he seemed merely at the mercy of his own powerful and conflicting elements. This sentence is showing the internal and external conflict of Maurice, which is in fact his scar and mostly his blindness that is making him feel despondent. Bertie, whose own insufficiency has been described in terms of an incurable weakness, which made him unable ever to enter into close contact of any sort, in other words he fears intimacy especially with women, is the person whose conflict is shown later on at the barn outside the house. As Maurice lays his hands on Berties face and begins to touch him, he is able to transfer his own feeling of dependence, fear, sadness and anger onto Bertie. As a result, it is Berties self-boundary that is destroyed. He is now the one who is terrified, shocked and speechless: Bertie could not answer. He gazed mute and terror-struck, overcome by his own weaknesshe had an unreasonable fear lest the other man should suddenly destroy himHe could not bear it that he had been touched by the blind man, his insane reserve broken in. He was like a mollusk whose shell is broken. Maurice in contrast was filled with hot, poignant love, the passion of friendship. Therefore Maurice seems to have overcome his own vulnerability and defeated his own conflict by transferring it onto another person and it seems that it is Bertie who is blind, not physically but mentally. The author D.H. Lawrence gives us a complex imagery of isolated, perverted play, mechanical life and masturbation through the wooden horse in the story The Rocking-Horse Winner which leads to a compulsive drive for success in modern society. The short story is all in all a metaphor for human life. Instead of using literal imagery, with words like table, pots, glass, or finger, D.H. Lawrence preferred to use the figurative imagery consisting of comparisons to the real world in which we live. Thus, the style of setting used this time is a figurative imagery which shows the compulsive desire for so much money and can be therefore compared to reality. The opening sentences of the story, which are similar to that of a fairy-tale, provides the reader with enough information to conclude that the mother has most likely a strong desire for wealth: There was once a woman who was beautiful, who stated with all the advantages, yet she had no luck. She married for love, and the love turned to dust. She had bonny children, yet she felt they had been thrust upon her, and she could not love them. Another metaphor could be the haunted house which keeps on telling There must be more money, And the children would stop playing to listen for a moment. They would look into each others eyes , to see if they had all heard. And each one saw in the eyes of the other two that they too had heard This can be related to reality in which the parents are not taking care of their children, not giving them love because theyre more concerned about their wealth, which eventually leads to the children taking action themselves in order to get their parents love. The rocking horse represents both Pauls desire to make money for his mother and his own sexuality. In a sense, one can guess that Paul compensates for his mothers immaturity by masturbating: he would sit on his big rocking horse, charging madly into space, with a frenzy that made the little girls peer at him uneasilyhis eyes had a strange glare in them Pauls masturbatory activities are equally useless as well. No matter how much money he wins for his mother, she is never satisfied. More to the point, Pauls money can not buy his mothers love. All in all, setting is not only the time and place of a story but it can be sometimes an essential part of the story. The emotional emptiness in Araby by James Joyce, The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck which uses antagonism, mood and atmosphere in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe, reinforcement of the conflict in The Blind Man and The Rocking Horse Winner which is a metaphor for human life. All 5 are good examples of how setting plays an important and different role in a story. The setting of a story helps to outline the general theme. It may even be an important symbol or help develop symbolism. Setting may also able a reader to relate to hardships or situations in real life. This helps the story to become more powerful and complex. The settings used in the 5 stories above were the foundations of success in these works.

buy custom Surviving Suicide essay

buy custom Surviving Suicide essay Suicide can be defined as the deliberate act of intentionally taking ones life. It involves intentional ending of own life. Research has shown that different people at different ages commit suicide due to different reasons, ranging from mental illness, depression, desperation, family pressures, troubled or broken relations and other externalities such as financial difficulties (Haugen, David, Matthew, 80). According to World Health Organization (WHO), nearly one million people attempt to kill themselves yearly, with approximately thirty thousand resulting into fatal deaths. In addition, committing suicide may be due to medical conditions such as chronic illness or pain, mental disorders for example insanity, social pressures, and drug and substance abuse. Generally, most cultures consider suicide as a crime (Amry 72). It has been reported that most people who commit suicide often targe getting rid of their life situations. They usually want to run away from the hardships they experience in life and thus view suicide as the only source of relief. However, Holmes postulates that people usually commit suicide as a show of cry for help, without necessarily wanting to end their lives. He further illustrates that such people often do so in favor of their friends or family members (Holmes 55). Whether suicide is intended to cause death or a cry for help, those who commit it usually show rage and anger, depression and feeling of rejection due to persistent abuse, self-blaming and low esteem, and constant arguments prior to such acts. The most common symptoms they show are poor concentration and non-critical thinking, discarding of personal belongings, sudden change in behavior such as heavy drinking of alcohol, pulling away from social groups, sudden interest or discussions on death and suicidal methods, hopelessness and poor eating habits and lack of sleep. The bereaved familys grief will further be complicated by shock of the happenings, especially if they were not able to identify the pre-suicide symptoms. They may feel guilt of not being socially supportive to the victim, or being irresponsible and negligence to the person. Friends can provide emotional, economic and financial support to the victims family. They should help the family rebuild their life through continued advice and counseling. Counseling will help them ease the intensity and burden of unresolved feeling of losing a loved one. They can introduce the family to religious practices such as praying together. This will help build family relation and bond between members (Jordan Mcintosh 45) The friends can introduce members of such families into survivors groups where they can relate to people who have had similar experiences. Buy custom Surviving Suicide essay

Mothers Day Etymology Where Does Mom Come From

Mothers Day Etymology Where Does Mom Come From Mother’s Day Etymology: Where Does â€Å"Mom† Come From? Today is Mother’s Day, the day we thank our female parents for their love and patience. But where do the words â€Å"mother† and â€Å"mom† come from? Why are there so many words for mothers in English? And are they all correct? Let’s take a (motherly) look and find out. The Origins of Mother The modern English â€Å"mother† comes from the Old English term modor. And â€Å"mom,† along with other of informal or shortened terms such as â€Å"mommy† and â€Å"ma,† are often traced to this root. Interestingly, though, these shorter words may be even older. The word â€Å"mama† appears in some form in dozens of languages, including Mandarin (Mma), Hindi (mÄ Ã¡ ¹Æ') and Arabic (mÄ ma). This is because simple noises like â€Å"mama† and â€Å"papa† are among most babies’ first vocalizations. We imagine â€Å"mama† means â€Å"feed me† most of the time.(Photo: amyelizabethquinn) The theory, then, is that â€Å"mother† and its modern variations are all rooted in the baby talk of â€Å"mama.† So one thing we have in common with our earliest ancestors may be our words for â€Å"mom.†   Mom, Mum or Mam? In the US, most people call their mothers â€Å"mom.† But you may have heard â€Å"mum† or â€Å"mam† used as well, especially in other countries. So why are there so many variations on this term? Largely, it’s a matter of where you come from. The three terms we’ve picked out here, for instance, are all associated with different places: Mom is most associated with American English. Mum is common in Australia and the UK (especially England). Mam is common in Ireland, Wales, and parts of northern England. These are all accepted terms for â€Å"mother† in one place or another, so your preference will usually depend on where you grew up. And the â€Å"correct† spelling will depend on the dialect in question. But in American English, you are usually safe sticking with â€Å"mom.† But which came first? Well, â€Å"mam† is probably the oldest of the three spellings above, since the earliest recorded use of â€Å"mama† in English dates back to 1707. By comparison, the earliest appearances of â€Å"mum† and â€Å"mom† are from 1823 and 1867, respectively. Whatever your chosen term, though, we hope all the mothers out there are having a great day! And, mother or not, we hope you’ve enjoyed our etymological look at motherhood.

Causes and effects related to the success of the phenomenon of video Essay

Causes and effects related to the success of the phenomenon of video games - Essay Example Cause 1 During the course of this discussion we would specifically be looking at the different causes and effects that have contributed to the success of proliferating this culture. A major cause for the expansion of the video game industry in recent times has been the ever mushrooming entertainment industry of US in particular. With the passage of time as the entire entertainment market of the country has undergone diversification novel frontiers have been explored for launching and marketing a product. For the fulfillment of this purpose the gaming industry has proved to be the economic backbone. Fiction based movies that are based on comic book or mythical characters such as Batman, Spiderman, Harry Potter or Hercules before their release launch their video games in order to ensure that the gain accessibility to address the needs and requirements of every market segment. Since children in any form play the most proactive role of determining the success or failure of a product it i s important that their needs are addressed accordingly. (Flew. 113) Effect A concomitant effect of this has been observed in the development of extremely violent behavioral attitudes among children. Many of these games that are based on comic books characters contain intense violent and brutal ways of killing enemies as a result of which they have an overwhelmingly profound effect on the behavioral development of children. In addition to this many of these games also contain highly vituperative and inflammatory language which after developing a habit if playing these games children inherits with utmost ease. Another effect of the video game culture that is also important to mention in this context is that by getting addicted to this culture many people begin to believe in the existence of a fantasized world comprising of all these superheroes none of which exist in reality. Hence video games can also be accused for presenting fantasy in such a realistic way that is becomes more real istic than reality itself. Cause 2 The global gaming industry which is handled primarily by the technological kingpins of United States is also overwhelmingly influenced by the political operations and military affairs that are taking place in the country. We are all well aware about the military turbulence that the United States is currently going through. This is simultaneously reflected and projected in the content and storyline of the games that are prepared by the gaming industry. Many of the games such as Call of Duty, Delta Force and Medal of Honor are based on war missions many of which are based in either Afghanistan, Iraq or in any different country of the world. Even though on a technological scale these games are simply flawless, but they do develop and impose their effects on the members of a society in rather subtle ways. Effect One of such effect has been in the form of developing and incorporating stereotypes in the minds of their people regarding different nations a nd their civilians respectively. For instance, there remains less discussion about the fact that the West has long portrayed Arabs either in the role of nomads or greedy oil sheiks. Similarly, the women belonging to these countries have been characterized either as belly dancers or people who are continuously subdued or oppressed by their husbands. This kind of projection has further cemented in the minds of American people with the

The effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation Thesis

The effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation - Thesis Example In reverberant environments, most hearing impaired listeners are aware to the disturbance of the signals caused by the reverberation. However, when reverberation is minimum, the actual cause of disturbance is not clear to them and hence can be very frustrating. Localising a sound source in the horizontal plane relies mainly on two different sources of information: The differences in time of arrival of the sound at the two ears, and the level differences at the two ears. These time and level differences are called interaural time differences (ITD) cues and interaural level differences (ILD) cues. Recent improvements in hearing aids, such as compression and filtering, can significantly alter ITDs and ILDs. The digital processing to input signals tend to restrict the availability of fine timing cues, forcing the listener to rely on level cues. The effect of digital processing in hearing aids on the hearing aid wearers use of localisation cues in different listening environments is not well understood. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of reverberation on the localisation abilities of normal hearing and hearing impaired listeners. Moreover, to investigate the effect of Siemens Prisma 2M hearing aids utilizing the localisation cues. Two main sets of experiments were conducted, The first set (4 experiments) were performed on normal hearing listeners to study the effect of reverberation and signal onset/offset times on their localisation abilities for different stimuli signals (i.e. Speech, high-pass speech-low-pass speech, pink noise, 4 KHz pure tone, and 500 Hz pure tone and under different reverberant environments. The second set of experiments was conducted on twenty eight Bilateral Siemense Prisma 2M wearers. They were tested under both reverberant and anechoic conditions, with and without the hearing aids. Signals used were speech stimulus, pink noise, high-pass pink noise and low-pass pink

Jones Blair Case Study Essay Example for Free

Jones Blair Case Study Essay Jones †¢ Blair is a company that produces and sells architectural paint it also sell paint sundries which include paintbrushes and rollers. It caters to over 50 countries which are divided into two sectors the DFW area and the non-DFW area. Of the two the DFW area has been proven to be the most successful area for the company. In 1999 the company made 80 million in sales and 60% of this was contributed by the DFW area. There are two segments within the company’s main sales attributes and these are between the do it yourself market and the professional market. With regards to the professional market in the DFW area this accounted for 70% of sales In the non-DFW area 70% of sales were made through the do-it-yourself market. During a meeting the company discussed the problem of where and how to carry out marketing efforts. They were left with four options: 1) Cut the price by 20%. 2) Hire one additional sales rep. 3) Spend additional $350,000 on advertising. 4) Stay the same. A detailed look into each option. 1) Cut the price by 20%. The shopper research programme indicated that dealers will back off the brand when the customer appears price sensitive. By cutting the price by 20% this will allow the company to be on par with national brands. The current contribution margin for the company is 35% if the price was to be cut by 20% then the new contribution margin would be reduced to: 35% 20% = 15% with the current sale volume being $12 million and a price cut of 20% the sales would have to increase significantly for the price cut to be effective. According to Barrett â€Å"we are now the highest price paint in our service area† the fact that the company still has increasing sales despite being the highest cost brand of all the competitors this shows that the company is being perceived as giving high quality goods where people don’t mind about paying extra for their brand. If the company was to cut the price by 20% this may leave doubts in peoples minds about whether or not the brand is actually as high quality as they had thought. The fact that they can get away with charging a higher price for their brand they should stick with it. 2) Hire one additional sales rep. Currently the company has 8 sales reps which are responsible for the following tasks: Monitoring inventories. Taking orders. Assisting in store display. Coordinating cooperative advertising programmes. A survey indicated that the sales reps were very well liked, helpful, professional and knowledgeable with regards to paint. These reps are paid a salary and also a 1% commission. The cost of hiring an additional sales rep would be $60,000 a year, this is excluding commission. The vice president feels that the current sales reps aren’t aggressive enough and the fact that only 5 new accounts were made in the last 5 years something needs to be done. Only 16% of the accounts come from the non-DFW area so maybe a focus needs to be placed onto this area. If this was to be done, an additional sales rep be assigned to the non-DFW area this could lead to a significant increase in sales. 3) Spend additional $350,000 on advertising. The vice president of advertising believes that there is a need for an awareness level of 30% among do-it-yourselfers to affect their sales. An emphasis on television coverage will reach non-DFW consumers in 15 countries. Research shows that ads affect the buying process Since most consumers consider the store before the actual brand maybe the advertising should be focused more-so on corporate ads rather than brand ads. The company spends 3% of its net sales on advertising therefore the current cost of advertising is: 3% of 12 million = 360000 with an additional spend of $350000 on advertising the total cost of advertising would be: 360000+ 350000= $710,000. This would almost double the cost of advertising and since there’s an emphasis on television this could prove to be a risky option, especially since brand awareness isn’t the main attribution to buyer behaviour. Another factor to consider is the fact that 75% of the audience of the advert arent buying paint. 4) Stay the same. The final option for the company would be to keep everything the same which is advised by the vice president of finance. Since the company is continuing to make profit he feels that if you were to take the other options that there would have to be a significant increase in the sales volume which may not be a result. Although most of the options offer different benefits and of course different drawbacks we dont think there is an outright option to choose. With regards to the cut in price of 20% we dont believe this option should be chosen. The fact that the company is allowed to charge the higher price and is perceived as being a high quality brand why should they risk losing all of this by accepting the price cut. The next option with regards to hiring an additional sales rep we feel that the fact that they have 8 sales reps already would the addition of another really make a significant impact on sales. Rather than focusing on hiring a new one we believe that if they focused more-so and possibly retraining their current sales reps this could prove to be more effective. The fact that the sales reps are already considered highly by the customers is a bonus. If more effort was put into them and how they could improve efficiency then this could be worthwhile to the company. The company could divide up the sales reps into the necessary markets and possibly by offering them incentives this could increase their performance. By hiring an additional sales rep doesnt necessarily promise a change in sales. With regards to an increase of advertising spending of $350,000 we wouldnt recommend this option. As the company wants to put an emphasis on television and the fact that 75% of the audience dont buy paint, the 25% of the audience that do doesnt seem like a big enough market coverage to invest such a lot of money into. Instead we feel they should look into other marketing options. The fact that with regards to buyer behaviour that customers choose the store first before the brand maybe the company should look into advertising within the actual stores. They could look into what stores are proven to be more popular and focus advertising attention on these. With the last option as staying the same although the company is continuing to make profits we feel like this could be the easy option. Rather than just being content with what is currently happening with the business they should focus on improving the business. The fact is that more and more competitors may enter the market or even people may change their buying behaviour but ultimately the company should try and always be a brand considered.

The Harmful Effects Of Discrimination And Segregation Essay -- essays

Discrimination and Segregation have both had many harmful effects on society in the past and exist when individuals are treated unfairly because of their particular race, gender, age, ethnic group, physical disability, or religion. Discrimination and segregation both poison the atmosphere of trust that we need in order to live peacefully. In the video 'Separate but Equal';, there are many incidences to prove that racism, segregation, and discrimination all have negative effects. The three most prominent effects of discrimination and segregation combined are Inferiority, fear, and anger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inferiority is a major issue when discussing the effects of discrimination and segregation. In the Plessy vs. Ferguson case it was ruled that there may be segregation, but the people must be equal-Separate but Equal';. After this ruling all facilities were separated according to race, but in fact were not even close to being equal to each other. The white mans facilities were almost 100 times better than the blacks. Then in the Brown vs. Board of Education in Topeka case it was brought to attention that segregation and discrimination obviously affect the children's state of mind. In the experiment to prove this hypothesis many black children were given a variety of white dolls and black dolls. They were then told to describe what they thought of each doll. The results were in fact that majority of the young black children related the bad characteristics with th...