The Specialist And Inbound Tour Operators

The Specialist And Inbound Tour Operators Mass Market tour operators have dominated in the outbound market for years, with the rise of holidays abroad becoming more and more popular since the end of the Second World War. Thomas Cook, Thomson and First Choice are examples of mass market tour operators. Thomson and First Choice belong to TUI, these are known as mass market tour operators as they sell/sold holidays that appealed to the majority of holiday makers. Some of the larger mass market tour operators have diversified in now offering more specialised products such as safari and skiing. TUI (www.tui-group.com/en/company/sectors/tuitravel) TUI AG is the largest travel group in the world; Thomson belongs to TUI and is a travel agency as well as having its own airline. First Choice is another travel agent that has its own airline, which belongs to TUI. TUI travel was formed in 2007, with the merger of TUI; their existing distribution, tour operators, air-lines and destination groups; with First Choice Holidays Plc. TUI AG is separated into three sectors: TUI Travel TUI Hotels Resorts TUI Cruises TUI also has a shipping container department. TUI travel is the majority shareholder of the company and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. They operate in 180 countries worldwide, making TUI the leading tour operator within Europe; to become this they provide a wide and varied service for over 30million customers. TUI is a British based company, with their head office in Crawley, West Sussex, not too far from Gatwick Airport; one of the UKs busiest international airports. TUI has over 200 different brands to over, over 140 aircraft and 3,500 retail shops across Europe, employing approximately 50,000 employees. TUI is separated in too four sectors of business, covering all 200 plus brands, these are: Mainstream Specialist Activity Accommodation and Destinations The mainstream sector is the largest of the four sectors in size, operating profit and the number of employees. The 3,500 retail outlets through-out Europe, providing over 25million customers per year, with package, self-package, sun and beach holidays. This sector operates over 140 aircraft to a wide variety of destination through-out the year, incorporating a large number of high street retail stores. The Specialist and Emerging Markets sector includes 40 specialist tour operator companies, providing and selling tour destinations to a smaller demographic, this sector is becoming more popular as people are starting to spread away from the usual package beach holiday. Specialist travel and emerging markets are places such as tours in North America, Europe and further afield such as China and Russia, the emerging markets that have not been popular in the past due to inaccessibility. This sector also provides escorted tours to the Galapagos, around-the-world trips and student gap years to Australia for example. The Activity sector is designed in providing customers that are seeking adventure or active holidays unique tours or packages to suit them. These specialised tour operators operate in the marine, adventure, ski, student and sporting segments, for example hiking in Kilimanjaro, polar expeditions, skiing in Canada and chartering yachts in the Caribbean. The Accommodation and Destination sector provides on and offline accommodation and destination services worldwide; selling accommodation directly to the customers through online hotel booking sites, such as Laterooms.com; Hotelpedia.com and Asiarooms.com. It also provides accommodation, transfers, excursions and a destination agencies portfolio to tour operators, travel agents, cruise lines and other corporate customers. Thomas Cook is another example of a mass market tour operator. As with TUI, Thomas Cook has travel agencies, airlines, hotels and tour operator; Club 18-30. In 2007, Thomas Cook merged with MyTravel; this was to cut costs; a predicted  £75million per year saving; and to combat competition from the low-cost airlines and web-based travel agents, that are on the rise in where customers are buying their holidays from. All tour operators that offer air inclusive packages are required by law to have an Air Travel Organisers Licence (ATOL). This protects customers from losing their money and/or being stranded abroad if something was to happen to the flights. ATOL is managed by the Civil Aviation Authority (www.caa.co.uk) Specialist Tour Operators Specialist tour operators cater for niche market holidays, they specialise in particular destinations and/or in a particular product. For example Journey Latin America specialises in the particular destination of Latin America (www.journeylatinamerica.co.uk) and Active Diving specialise in Scuba Diving holidays around the world (www.activediving.co.uk). Journey Latin America (www.journeylatinamerica.co.uk) specialises in holidays to Latin America; some of the destinations they include are: Antarctica Argentina Belize Chile Cuba Caribbean El Salvador The Galapagos Islands The Falkland Islands Guyana Peru Mexico Nicaragua Venezuela They provide a wide variety of different types of holidays for a wide range of different markets. The types of holidays available are: Tailor-Made Tours Small Group Tours Value Active Beach Wildlife Expedition Honeymoon Responsible Family Learn to (learning a new skill) Cruise JourneyLatinAmerica markets to everyone, with holidays suitable for low-budgets to the higher budgets, family holidays to romantic honeymoons. Wildlife holidays with JourneyLatinAmerica offers the traveller a vast array of wildlife and birdlife to see, from giant tortoises to llamas to sloths and penguins, all depending which country has been chosen to go to, there is the added advantage of there being the largest rainforest, driest desert to the longest mountain range and biggest river within the territories of the holidays available. There is plently of advantages of travelling with a smaller, specialised tour operator, the service is more personal and the smaller operators tend to have more of a passion for the area they specialise in. Smaller operators are experts in their destination, enabling them to give first-hand advice and recommendations to the holiday maker. They also have more care towards to the places, the people and the environment and try to minimise the negative effects of the holiday. Inbound Tour Operators Not only is there tour operators for outbound tourists, either specialised or/and mass market; there is also many tour operators for inbound tourists, specialised and/or mass market. These tour operators specialise and cater for inbound tourists to the UK from many different countries. They provide tours and holidays in many different languages and for different budgets. One example of an inbound tour operator is British Tours. British Tours (www.britishtours.com) specialise in tours of Britain. They provide tours to all size groups, from private groups up to 7 persons by car with their own guide; to larger groups by mini-bus or coach, with own guide. All prices are per car not per person. Tours are available in most languages, at an extra cost; including French, German, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Japanese and Chinese. Tours are suited to individual travellers, families, people with special interest, people with special needs and anyone who wants the freedom to travel at their own pace with their guide to help and inform. The tours of Britain cover the main tourist attractions and sites; the more famous to the lesser known authentic tourist sites; all with guide that are local to the area with a vast knowledge and interest of the particular site. Some of these tours are Stonehenge at Dawn, Legal London, Harry Potter and Englands Gardens. British Tours offer private day tours leaving London as well as personally guided tours of Scotland, Wales and England, special interest tailor-made tours. They also provide European destination tours, such as Paris, Normandy Beaches by private plane and private bus tours of Rome and Italy. British tours work with 100s of travel agents worldwide, as well as many UK companies for sightseeing, ground-handling, interpreting and corporate entertainment within the UK. British Tours is a member of the London Tourist Board, the British Incoming Tour Operators Association, The Society of the Golden Keys and the American Society of Travel Agents. An example of a tour and costs with British Tours: Harry Potter Tour includes the locations where the Harry Potter films have been made, including London, Oxford and Gloucester. Oxford and Gloucester tour only (not including the London sights) for up to 7 people taking roughly 10 hours to complete would cost  £655 per car; price includes private car and guide, collection and return to hotel; anywhere in London; entrance and meals are not included in the price. These tours are also available in most languages.

Advertising in Schools Essay

Although this semester our class has discussed the different types of advertising in the marketplace, one technique that was not discussed is that of advertising in schools. This idea is a growing technique that if conducted the right way, could perhaps benefit not only corporate organizations, but also schools and students. However, there are many critics, along with parents that feel advertising in schools is a horrible idea and could only lead to harm. Many advertisers view children as a profitable three-in-one market. That is, 1) As buyers themselves 2) As influencers of their parents purchases, and 3) As a future adult customer. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay Every year, children have an estimated $15 billion of their own money, of which they spend $11 billion of it on products such as toys, clothes, candy and snacks. Children also influence at least $160 billion in parental purchases. Generally speaking, today’s children have more money to spend than ever before. Companies know this and find that advertising to the ‘youth of the nation’ can be beneficial and lead to future dedicated customers. Because of the increase in children’s spending power in recent decades, advertisers have closely targeted children as consumers. New advertising strategies aimed at children have been steadily growing and expanding. The toy-related program, or program length commercial (which is just like a infomercial) is developed to sell toys, and stirred public attention and debates. Along with this form of advertising, 900-number telephone services were accused of being aimed at children. In the 1980’s, children got their own TV networks, radio networks, magazines, newspapers, kids’ clothing brands, and other high-price items such as video games and other high-tech products. Other new advertising strategies include kids’ clubs, store displays directed at children, direct mailing to children, and sponsored school activities. At first glance, selling corporate sponsorship rights to pay for school activities looks like a win-win situation. Needy schools get resources they need. Companies get new marketing opportunities that can build brand loyalty. After all, advertising in schools is nothing new. Districts have long used ads from local businesses to help pay the costs of school newspapers, yearbooks, and athletic programs. Even here at CBU our athletic department sells ads for ‘Sports Media Guides’ to local institutions as well as national organizations. A growing number of companies are offering schools money for a chance to market their products directly to students. As budgets shrink, schools must find ways to get extra funding. Many schools are doing away with fund-raising and have begun to look at corporate dollars to fund just about everything. Signing contracts with these companies seems like an easy way to get the money they need. Schools need funding for in-school activities and equipment, and, in order to reduce the number of children going home to empty houses, they need to fund many after-school activities. Product advertisements can be found almost everywhere in schools. They are most frequently found in stadiums, gymnasiums, school cafeterias, hallways, and on textbook covers. Some schools across the nation are even putting advertisements on school buses. So what types of advertising are out there in our schools? There are different categories that ads can fall into. The following categories can represent most the advertising techniques used in our schools today and give a description of how they work. Types of Advertising 1) In-school advertisements In-school ads are forms of advertising that can be found on billboards, on school buses, on scoreboards, in school hallways, in soft drink machines, or on sports uniforms. This type of advertising is also found in product coupons and in give-aways that are given to students. 2) â€Å"Exclusive rights† contracts A company gives money to schools that carry ONLY their products. Extra money can also be given if a schools’ sales exceed a certain amount(quota). 3) Corporate-sponsored educational materials and programs Sponsored educational materials include free or low-cost items which can be used for instruction. Examples of these may include; multimedia teaching kits, videotapes, software, books, posters, activity sheets, and workbooks. While some of these materials may be ad-free, others may contain advertising for the producer of the item, or they may contain biased information aimed at swaying students towards a company’s product or service. 4) Corporate-sponsored contests and incentive programs This is where students compete for prizes by selling, buying or collecting labels for a certain product. These contests and incentive programs bring brand names into the schools along with the promise of such rewards as free pizzas, cash, points towards buying educational equipment, or trips and other prizes. 5) Ads in classroom materials and programs Ads in classroom materials include any commercial messages in magazines or video programming used in school. A perfect example of this type of advertising is â€Å"Channel One†. Channel One is a 12-minute daily news show for students in grades 6 through 12 that includes two minutes of age-appropriate ads for products like jeans and soft drinks. In exchange for airing the program each day at the same time for three years, Channel One gives schools a satellite dish, a cable hookup, a television monitor for each classroom, and an agreement to service the equipment for the three years. While some state school systems had originally said ‘No’ to Channel One, the company reports to be present in some 350,000 classrooms. So what types of guidelines are set to insure that in-school advertising is done correctly and does not become overly exploited? Those who support the call for guidelines include educational groups such as the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, The National Parent Teacher Association, and the National Education Association. The Society of Consumer Affairs Professionals in Business(SOCAP) and Consumers International are two consumer interest groups that have formulated guidelines for sponsored materials. These guidelines suggest that†¦ † †¦ education materials should be accurate, objective, clearly written, nondiscriminatory, and noncommercial. † (Karpatkin & Holmes) In dealing with the issues of in-school commercialism, Karpatkin & Holmes suggest a three-pronged approach that includes: * Reviewing all sponsored materials and activities and holding them to the same standards as other similar items by using the SOCAP guidelines. * Pursuing noncommercial partnerships with businesses and rejecting the notion that it is ethical to bring advertising into the schools to provide materials or funds. * Begin the teaching of media literacy in elementary school, to educate children to be critical readers of advertising, propaganda, and other media messages. Groups that support advertising in schools have very strong arguments to back their case. It seems that there is a large area for investment in advertising in schools. It also appears that if handled correctly, advertising techniques in schools can lead to the raising of an overall helpful, efficient way to ‘fundraise’. Although advertising in schools may bring needed increases in funds, it is not without controversy. Many people are opposed to advertising in schools. They feel that children are being exploited for profit because big companies feel students are a captive, impressionable audience. Is there any way to balance the true goals and purposes of advertising in schools? Perhaps the best way is to have each school decide what amount and types of advertising in their schools is acceptable. And although advertising in schools seems to be a great way of obtaining funds for school activities, every school board should definitely be sure they know what they are getting into before signing any contracts with big time corporations. In-school Advertising Grace Farrell Promotional Strategy Dr. Peyton 12/02/02 Bibliography Chaika, Gloria. Education World. 1998 Education World. Consumers Union Education Services(CUES). 1990. Selling America’s Kids: Commercial Pressures on Kids of the 90’s. Yonkers, N. Y. Karpatkin, Rhoda, H. and Anita Holmes. 1995. Making schools ad-free zones. Educational Leadership 53(Sep, 1):72-76. McNeal, James U. 1990. Kids as customers. New York: Lexington Books. McNeal, James U. â€Å"Planning Priorities for Marketing to Children†. The Journal of Business Strategy. 1991. Advertising in Schools Essay Although this semester our class has discussed the different types of advertising in the marketplace, one technique that was not discussed is that of advertising in schools. This idea is a growing technique that if conducted the right way, could perhaps benefit not only corporate organizations, but also schools and students. However, there are many critics, along with parents that feel advertising in schools is a horrible idea and could only lead to harm. Many advertisers view children as a profitable three-in-one market. That is, 1) As buyers themselves 2) As influencers of their parents purchases, and 3) As a future adult customer. Every year, children have an estimated $15 billion of their own money, of which they spend $11 billion of it on products such as toys, clothes, candy and snacks. Children also influence at least $160 billion in parental purchases. Generally speaking, today’s children have more money to spend than ever before. Companies know this and find that advertising to the ‘youth of the nation’ can be beneficial and lead to future dedicated customers. Because of the increase in children’s spending power in recent decades, advertisers have closely targeted children as consumers. New advertising strategies aimed at children have been steadily growing and expanding. The toy-related program, or program length commercial (which is just like a infomercial) is developed to sell toys, and stirred public attention and debates. Along with this form of advertising, 900-number telephone services were accused of being aimed at children. In the 1980’s, children got their own TV networks, radio networks, magazines, newspapers, kids’ clothing brands, and other high-price items such as video games and other high-tech products. Other new advertising strategies include kids’ clubs, store displays directed at children, direct mailing to children, and sponsored school activities. At first glance, selling corporate sponsorship rights to pay for school activities looks like a win-win situation. Needy schools get resources they need. Companies get new marketing opportunities that can build brand loyalty. After all, advertising in schools is nothing new. Districts have long used ads from local businesses to help pay the costs of school newspapers, yearbooks, and athletic programs. Even here at CBU our athletic department sells ads for ‘Sports Media Guides’ to local institutions as well as national organizations. A growing number of companies are offering schools money for a chance to market their products directly to students. As budgets shrink, schools must find ways to get extra funding. Many schools are doing away with fund-raising and have begun to look at corporate dollars to fund just about everything. Signing contracts with these companies seems like an easy way to get the money they need. Schools need funding for in-school activities and equipment, and, in order to reduce the number of children going home to empty houses, they need to fund many after-school activities. Product advertisements can be found almost everywhere in schools. They are most frequently found in stadiums, gymnasiums, school cafeterias, hallways, and on textbook covers. Some schools across the nation are even putting advertisements on school buses. So what types of advertising are out there in our schools? There are different categories that ads can fall into. The following categories can represent most the advertising techniques used in our schools today and give a description of how they work. Types of Advertising 1) In-school advertisements In-school ads are forms of advertising that can be found on billboards, on school buses, on scoreboards, in school hallways, in soft drink machines, or on sports uniforms. This type of advertising is also found in product  coupons and in give-aways that are given to students. 2) â€Å"Exclusive rights† contracts A company gives money to schools that carry ONLY their products. Extra money can also be given if a schools’ sales exceed a certain amount(quota). 3) Corporate-sponsored educational materials and programs Sponsored educational materials include free or low-cost items which can be used for instruction. Examples of these may include; multimedia teaching kits, videotapes, software, books, posters, activity sheets, and workbooks. While some of these materials may be ad-free, others may contain advertising for the producer of the item, or they may contain biased information aimed at swaying students towards a company’s product or service. 4) Corporate-sponsored contests and incentive programs This is where students compete for prizes by selling, buying or collecting labels for a certain product. These contests and incentive programs bring brand names into the schools along with the promise of such rewards as free pizzas, cash, points towards buying educational equipment, or trips and other prizes. 5) Ads in classroom materials and programs Ads in classroom materials include any commercial messages in magazines or video programming used in school. A perfect example of this type of advertising is â€Å"Channel One†. Channel One is a 12-minute daily news show for students in grades 6 through 12 that includes two minutes of age-appropriate ads for products like jeans and soft drinks. In exchange for airing the program each day at the same time for three years, Channel One gives schools a satellite dish, a cable hookup, a television monitor for each classroom, and an agreement to service the equipment for  the three years. While some state school systems had originally said ‘No’ to Channel One, the company reports to be present in some 350,000 classrooms. So what types of guidelines are set to insure that in-school advertising is done correctly and does not become overly exploited? Those who support the call for guidelines include educational groups such as the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, The National Parent Teacher Association, and the National Education Association. The Society of Consumer Affairs Professionals in Business(SOCAP) and Consumers International are two consumer interest groups that have formulated guidelines for sponsored materials. These guidelines suggest that†¦ † †¦ education materials should be accurate, objective, clearly written, nondiscriminatory, and noncommercial.† (Karpatkin & Holmes) In dealing with the issues of in-school commercialism, Karpatkin & Holmes suggest a three-pronged approach that includes: * Reviewing all sponsored materials and activities and holding them to the same standards as other similar items by using the SOCAP guidelines. * Pursuing noncommercial partnerships with businesses and rejecting the notion that it is ethical to bring advertising into the schools to provide materials or funds. * Begin the teaching of media literacy in elementary school, to educate children to be critical readers of advertising, propaganda, and other media messages. Groups that support advertising in schools have very strong arguments to back their case. It seems that there is a large area for investment in advertising in schools. It also appears that if handled correctly, advertising techniques in schools can lead to the raising of an overall  helpful, efficient way to ‘fundraise’. Although advertising in schools may bring needed increases in funds, it is not without controversy. Many people are opposed to advertising in schools. They feel that children are being exploited for profit because big companies feel students are a captive, impressionable audience. Is there any way to balance the true goals and purposes of advertising in schools? Perhaps the best way is to have each school decide what amount and types of advertising in their schools is acceptable. And although advertising in schools seems to be a great way of obtaining funds for school activities, every school board should definitely be sure they know what they are getting into before signing any contracts with big time corporations. Bibliography Chaika, Gloria. Education World. 1998 Education World. Consumers Union Education Services(CUES). 1990. Selling America’s Kids: Commercial Pressures on Kids of the 90’s. Yonkers, N.Y. Karpatkin, Rhoda, H. and Anita Holmes. 1995. Making schools ad-free zones. Educational Leadership 53(Sep, 1):72-76. McNeal, James U. 1990. Kids as customers. New York: Lexington Books. McNeal, James U. â€Å"Planning Priorities for Marketing to Children†. The Journal of Business Strategy. 1991.

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Satirical Essay Samples Drug Abuse

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Satirical Essay Samples Drug Abuse Folks who possess lots of money have more things than others that have a moderate volume. There's always someone, who need to have a big amount of money on selling medications, and there are always people ready to purchase them. To start with, it essential to comprehend that selling of drugs is a lucrative organization. Actually, you can make up any topic you want by yourself, as long because there is unlimited amount of those. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're predicted to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. While attempting to learn how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step, students forget about another important activity. High school students need to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. There are lots of persuasive essay examples college students are able to make use of online. Lies You've Been Told About Satirical Essay Samples Drug Abuse Drug addiction is something societies throughout the world rarely tolerate. Adoption is an alternate solution. Your facts ought to be truthful. At precisely the same time, several studies show that marijuanain its healthcare formcan be beneficial for patients experiencing serious diseases, such as cancer. Look through the list of topics with care and start making a mental collection of the evidence it's possible to use on topics you want. Include the ideal evidence. There's several essays completed by them. The issue with opioid painkillers is they can result in addiction, and although they are very helpful in alleviating pain, there's been cases of death due to overdose. The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. While there is absolutely no one correct approach to compose these essays, this page will show you some decent practices to think about when learning how to compose a persuasive essay. If you would like to learn how to compose a fantastic persuasive essay, you're looking in the proper place! Just take a look at the subsequent persuasive essay. Sample persuasive essays can also give inspiration on topics to write on in addition to serve as examples about how to compose your essay. Writing is a rather strong tool. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to select a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. Write superior essays with an internet class. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. Of all Of the kinds of essay, writing a brief essay may appear to be the easiest. Just stick to the guidelines stated above, and you will be well on your way to writing a great persuasive essay. Writing a persuasive essay can be hard because you're not simply presenting the research materials that you've gathered but you're trying to influence your readers. All essays will have a certain topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. Scholarship providers would never tell you exactly what they are searching for in an essay. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. What You Need to Do About Satirical Essay Samples Drug Abuse Before It's Too Late Your introductory paragraph ought to be clear and concise just enjoy the example. As you already see from the above mentioned persuasive essay samples, these varieties of papers can be quite different. Buy essays from us and you could always rest assured of high-quality paper that may assure you quality grade. Today, there are various on-line sites which provide sample papers.

Internal Threats From Hackers And Malicious Software

Introduction With the widespread of computer networks and the increasing number of threats, privacy issues, etc. information security is now a necessity for all organizations. This has alerted businesses globally to take steps in ensuring the security of their information and other assets. While most security measures focus on the external threats from hackers and malicious software, internal threats account for twice the impact of loss as external threats. These internal threats could be Intentional or accidental. But mostly internal threats are caused by poor access control which leads to an unauthorized level of access beyond the scope of their position. To forestall the troubles produced by employee use of information systems and other assets, producing a thorough information security design is almost significant. This program will provide the system with necessary details regarding the role of the organization’s assets. Organizational Security As a large insurance company with 70 employees and nine departments; human resources, finance, audit, sales, marketing, legal, customer service and IT support. With staff having a perquisite knowledge of information technology. Nevertheless, in that respect is no adequate security program to guarantee the security of the company’s assets. This can be observed as the background security problem as it is required that a company of this size should deliver a security program which spreads over all assets.I.e. Data, devices andShow MoreRelatedI am hired as an Information Security Engineer for a videogame development company. The900 Words   |  4 PagesThe organization network structure is given in the diagram. I was notified that malicious activities are taking place in the network structure. They can effect protection of the intellectual property and highly sensitive data maintained by the organization. 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Hackers also made away with about  £20 million (US $25.4 million) of bank customers. Germany Vodafone, a mobile telecommunication company revealed that two million customer’s information was illegally downloaded by hackers (BBC News, 2013) while in Japan, JTB, a tourism company says hackers stole eight million sensitive customer data (Wanklyn, 2016). While most hacking that has made the news, involve big businessesRead MoreCybercrime : Major Threats1116 Words   |  5 PagesCybercrime – Major Threats Introduction Computers suffer attacks, both at home and business atmosphere and they have develop steadily over the past twenty years. Based on the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), â€Å"†¦worldwide digital attacks reached an all-time high of nearly 20,000 in January, causing more than $8 billion in damages.† (Mueller, 2003). Events and occurrences on identity theft which is the act of impersonating another person for profit or gain – are increasing and growing crimesRead MoreApplication Security Testing1187 Words   |  5 PagesApplication security is the use of hardware, software and procedural methods in order to protect applications from internal or external threats. As more and more applications are becoming accessible over networks, they are being exposed to wide variety of threats as well. Even the most sophisticated application security systems are prone to breaches, and demand stringent automated and manual test strategies at each stage of software develo pment life cycle (SDLC). In this paper, we will gain basicRead MoreInformation Security Engineer For A Videogame Development Company1034 Words   |  5 Pagespotential malicious attacks and threats that could be carried out against a videogame development company. These attacks can have an impact on the company. 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Adversaries are much faster, that the window between the discovery of a vulnerability andRead MoreThe Importance Of Firewalls On The Operation System1222 Words   |  5 Pagesas one of the components in information assurance, which elaborates the importance of firewalls on the operation system. Illustrating the example of the online transaction that can use firewall management to mitigate the risks of severe consequences from cyberattacks. Besides, there are some limitation of firewalls as well that we have to consider in operating the system even if the firewall is protecting the system. Introduction Nowadays, information assurance (IA) plays an important role in everyRead MoreNetwork Environments : How It Reduces The Risk Of Having A Threat?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesit lessens the risk of having a threat take down everything in a working environment. For example, we would have a firewall set outside of both networks and one side would be for web services, DNS, and email, which would be our DMZ. Some important security services that would be included are spam filters for email, a sonic wall and proxy servers for web services, and web intrusion detection (IDS). The purpose of having spam filters is to protect our network from spam and any attacks that might comeRead MoreMobile Phones : A Target For Hackers1489 Words   |  6 Pagesrole in our lives as they help us get connected to each other all the time. Since the last decade, Mobile phones continued to evolve into smartphones which can do much more than calling and texting. Smartphones are nothing but computers with extra in ternal hardware specifically a GSM radio (Global System for Mobile Communications) and a baseband processor that controls the radio. Along with these primary hardware components, smartphones now comes embedded with additional hardware such as NFC (Near

Violating Social Norms - 1337 Words

| | |Violating Social Norms | | | | | | | | Did you ever feel†¦show more content†¦I was feeling a little more confident so I immediately stood about two-and-a-half feet away from him. He glanced at me at first, but did not say anything. Another customer and asked, â€Å"Do you mind if I just reach across you to grab that?† It was clear that the customer assumed we were together. When the other customer walked away, the subject stepped about a foot away from me. I casually stepped closer to him, as if I were following him. He then asked me, â€Å"Did you need to get over here?† I replied, â€Å"No, I’m OK† and continued to browse the section. He seemed very intimidated by my presence, though he had a very strong outward appearance, and spoke with firm, assertive tone. He finally grabbed his item, and then gave me a quick head nod and grimace goodbye. I followed him to the checkout line. When we approached the line, I was standing less than two feet behind him. He looked back and said, â€Å"It’s OK, you can go ahead of me.† As soon as I stepped in front, he moved approximately 4 feet away from me. The final subject was the person I stood in line behind at the checkout. The subject was Female, Caucasian, approximately the same height, body type and age as I. She was the third person in line. I was the fourth, and the guy from the deli section was the fifth. I noticed that while people were standing in line, each person allowed the customer who was paying at the counter stand 6Show MoreRelatedRisk of Violating Social Norms1041 Words   |  4 PagesRisk of Violating Social Norms When people break established rules in their community, others around them would have negative judgment on them. In the movie, Witness, directed by Peter Weir, James McFee and Paul Schaeffer remove detective John Book from their group because he is violating their actions, which is killing a man in the public restroom. In the article â€Å"Ain’t Nobody’s Business If You Do: Separation of Society and State† by Peter McWilliams, individuals in the society do not care muchRead MoreThe Role Of Rudeness Plays On Power Acquisition Differs Through Individualistic And Collectivist Cultures Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesPast studies have found that violating social norms increases the perceived power status of the violator in the eyes of others. However, studies have yet to examine if these perceptions would cause a rise in opportunities to acquire power, and how this varies across different cultures. To conduct this study, 5 groups of 10 participants, ranging in age fr om 25-35, will be asked to choose a leader for the group from two identical twin actors - one who violates social norms and one who follows them. 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Public Administration Free Essays

MPA – 014 : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1. Discuss the scope and implications of SHRM. The model just described represents an expansion on the more typical model that has been implied in the SHRM literature, in which HR practices are presumed to be associated with performance through their influence on employee skills, attitudes, and motivation IMPLICATIONS: SHRM Implies accepting the HR function as an integral part to the formulation of the companies strategies and Implementation of the same through specific HRM practices like recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel ? SHRM encourages managers to be proactive which means to think ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Attainment of organization objectives through human capital. ? It enhances individual performance by development of commitment at all levels. It enables development of need based personnel policy/HR policy as a prerequisite for optimum use of human resources. ? Integration of HRM policy with business goals or objectives. ? Developing supportive work culture in order to encourage creativity, team work, TQM as well as innovation and a sense of belonging. ? Creation of flexible environment because in flexible environment employees can easily adapt to changing competitive environment. ? Creation of flexible working hours/ function. ? Integration of people related issues with business issues. SHRM Implies a logically connected approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on employment policy and manpower strategy underpinned by Philosophy * SHRM implies the use of Planning to maximise the advantage from HRM * Implies that HRM activities and polices are aspects of ex plicitly formulated business strategy * It Recognises HR’s partnership role in the strategising process * Incorporates Ethical and legal considerations, which in turn have complex implications for the achievement of a wide range of business objectives like Equity; Consideration ; Commitment and Working Conditions . Discuss the Advantages and Shortcomings of HR Planing. Human resource planning can be defined as the process of identifying the number of people required by an organization in terms of quantity and quality. All human resource management activities start with human resource planning. HR Planning is the formal process of linking organisational strategy with Human resource Practices. HR Planning is also known as Manpower Planning. It is a technique of correcting imbalances between manpower demand and supply in an organisation at a micro level and in the economy at the macro level. The two aspects of manpower planning are Quantitative and Qualitative. HR Planning Occurs at several levels: Aggregated Workforce planning at the strategic level†¦ it is needed to counteract pulls and pressures of Globalisation Career Planning of Homogenous group of employees at the Tactical Level†¦ addresses the career planning and development needs of personnel in the organisation Posting and deployment planning of individuals at the operational level†¦ assists the HR managers to formulate optimal personnel posting and deployment plan for the employees ADVANTAGES: Human resources planning anticipate not only the required kind and number of employees but also determine the action plan for all functions of personnel management. a)  Human resource planning is   necessary   of   all organization . The cooperate pal of the organization   regarding expansion, diversification, technological change, should be backed up by the availability of human resources. It suggests modification in the plan when the expected manpower is not available. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It offsets uncertainty and change. Sometime the organization   may have machines and money but not men and consequently the production cannot be started. It offsets such uncertainly and changes to the maximum possible and enables the society to have right men at right time and in the right place. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It provides scope for advancement and development of employees through training, development etc. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to satisfy the individual needs of the employees for the promotions transfers, salary enhancement, better benefits etc. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in anticipating the cost of salary, benefits and all the cost of human resources facilitating the formulation of budgets in a society. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to foresee the need for redundancy and plans to check of human resources and to change the techniques of management. g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in planning for physical facilities, working conditions, the volume of fringe benefits like canteen, schools, hospitals, conveyance, child care centers, quarters, company stores etc. h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It causes the develo pment of various sources of human resources to meet the organizational needs. i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to take steps to improve human resource contributions in the form of increased productivity, sales, turnover etc. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It facilitates the control of all functions, operations, contribution and cost of human resources SHORTCOMINGS: 1. The future is uncertain :- The future in any country is uncertain i. e. there are political, cultural, technological changes taking place every day. This effects   the employment situation. Accordingly the company may have to appoint or remove people. Therefore HRP can only be a guiding   factor. We cannot rely too much on it and do every action according to it. 2. Conservative attitude of top management :- Much top management adopts a conservative attitude and is not ready to make changes. The process of HRP. 3. Problem of surplus staff :- HRP gives a clear out solution for excess staff i. e. Termination, layoff, VRS,. However when certain employees are removed from company it mostly affects the psyche of the existing employee, and they start feeling insecure, stressed out and do not believe in the company. This is a limitation of HRP i. e. it does not provide alternative solution like re-training so that employee need not be removed from the company. 4. Time consuming activity :- HRP collects information from all departments, regarding demand and supply of personnel. This information is collected in detail and each and every job is considered. Therefore the activity takes up a lot of time. 5. Expensive process :- The solution provided by process of HRP incurs expense. E. g. VRS, overtime, etc. company has to spend a lot of money in    carrying out the activity. Hence we can say the process is expensive. 6. Define TQM and differentiate it from the Traditional management Total quality management  or  TQM  is an integrative philosophy of  management  for continuously improving the  quality  of products and processes. 1] TQM can be applied to any type of organization; it originated in the manufacturing sector and has since been adapted for use in almost every type of organization Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comprehensive and structured approach to organizational management that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through ongoing refinements in response to continuous feedback TQM is based on the premise that t he quality of products and processes is the responsibility of everyone involved with the creation or consumption of the products or services offered by an organization, requiring the involvement of management, workforce, suppliers, and customers, to meet or exceed customer expectations. Nine common TQM practices:[2] 1. cross-functional product design 2. process management 3. supplier quality management 4. customer involvement 5. information and  feedback 6. committed  leadership 7. strategic planning 8. cross-functional training 9. employee involvement TQM processes are divided into four sequential categories: plan, do, check, and act (thePDCA cycle). In the  planning  phase, people define the problem to be addressed, collect relevant data, and ascertain the problem’s root cause; in the  doing  phase, people develop and implement a solution, and decide upon a measurement to gauge its effectiveness; in the  checking  phase, people confirm the results through before-and-after data comparison; in the  acting  phase, people document their results, inform others about process changes, and make recommendations for the problem to be addressed in the next PDCA cycle. Total quality management vs traditional management style Total quality management has changed the traditional management style forever. It was a very radical movement those days. Some of these changes are radical even today. Few of these changes are discussed below. Traditional way of management focused on internal activities. Quality had a meaning which was totally internally defined. Products or services provided by organization were assumed to be good in quality, if this organization has done its best in producing that product or service. But in total quality management, focus is the customer. So that ultimate decider of the quality is the customer. Fitting to the customer requirement was the least requirement while delighting them is the ultimate goal. Traditionally people thought bad quality products are due to the workers who do not perform their job correctly. One of the major differences between total quality management and traditional management style is the assignment of the responsibility of the quality to the management. Especially responsibility of the quality goes into the middle level management in the operational level. Total quality management is an organization wide movement. All the organization has to be in unity to apply TQM principles. Total quality management, unlike traditional management calls for high amount of team working. Team building, specially cross functional teams are feature of TQM. These teams will provide the necessary momentum to the implementation process and will propel the system forward, with very less resistance. TQM believes in quality assurance rather than checking. Quality is inbuilt to the system, so that products are assured to be in good quality. Some decision like narrowing down the supplier base is total quality management concepts used for this purpose, which is revolutionary still today. Unlike in traditional management style, total quality management makes decisions on facts and figures. Therefore problems are identified correctly. Therefore solutions are well planned. TQM depends on cyclic thinking. Also it is continuous. Therefore improvements are small, stable and continuous in nature. This is also known as Kaizen. These events are used in teambuilding, brain storming and decision making. There are many other differences between the old or the traditional way of management to the total quality management. In the bigger picture, TQM has basically changed the culture and the thinking patterns of the organization. TQM challenges Traditional Management * TQM is a direct challenge to traditional management. Because it is so different, it simply cannot be an â€Å"add-on† to traditional management. Nor can it be combined with traditional management structures when a corporation is restructuring. Trying to combine techniques will result in failure. Decision-Making Differences * In the traditional management model, decisions are centralized or made from the top down. This means a manager makes the decisions, and the lower levels are supposed to follow. It is very much like the military. In TQM, the lower levels have a hand in making decisions. For example, a machine operator notices his machine is making bad parts. In a traditional model, he calls the supervisor over, who makes the decision to call the maintenance department. In TQM, the employee makes the decision to call the maintenance department. Responsibility for Quality * In the traditional model, a quality control department or person assumes responsibility for the quality of the product. In the TQM model, the individual machine operator assumes responsibility for quality. In the traditional model, the quality control department spots bad products. It investigates and discovers a machine is worn out. In TQM, the machine operator herself inspects every part coming out of the machine. If all the operators inspect the product as it is being built, the entire crew becomes the quality control department. Focus * In traditional management, the focus is internalized, whereas in TQM the focus is external. This means in traditional management, the focus is on a â€Å"doing the best we can† philosophy. In TQM, the focus is on the customer, who may demand more than what the company expects of itself. In TQM, the customer is the final quality control inspector. Fault Finding * In traditional management, when something goes wrong with quality, the fault is usually directed at the employee. In TQM, the fault is placed on management, who did not perform their duties correctly. 4. Write a note on MBO Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources It refers to the process of setting goals for the employees so that they know what they are supposed to do at the workplace. Management by Objectives defines roles and responsibilities for the employees and help them chalk out their future course of action in the organization. Management by objectives guides the employees to deliver their level best and achieve the targets within the stipulated time frame. Some of the important features and advantages of MBO are: 1. Motivation – Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment. 2. Better communication and coordination – Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems. 3. Clarity of goals 4. Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person. 5. Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organization’s objectives. Need for Management by Objectives (MBO) The Management by Objectives process helps the employees to understand their duties at the workplace. * KRAs are designed for each employee as per their interest, specialization and educational qualification. * The employees are clear as to what is expected out of them. * Management by Objectives proces s leads to satisfied employees. It avoids job mismatch and unnecessary confusions later on. * Employees in their own way contribute to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization. Every employee has his own role at the workplace. Each one feels indispensable for the organization and eventually develops a feeling of loyalty towards the organization. They tend to stick to the organization for a longer span of time and contribute effectively. They enjoy at the workplace and do not treat work as a burden. * Management by Objectives ensures effective communication amongst the employees. It leads to a positive ambience at the workplace. * Management by Objectives leads to well defined hierarchies at the workplace. It ensures transparency at all levels. A supervisor of any organization would never directly interact with the Managing Director in case of queries. He would first meet his reporting boss who would then pass on the message to his senior and so on. Every one is clear about his position in the organization. * The MBO Process leads to highly motivated and committed employees. The MBO Process sets a benchmark for every employee. The superiors set targets for each of the team members. Each employee is given a list of specific tasks. Limitations of Management by objectives Process * It sometimes ignores the prevailing culture and working conditions of the organization. * More emphasis is being laid on targets and objectives. It just expects the employees to achieve their targets and meet the objectives of the organization without bothering much about the existing circumstances at the workplace. Employees are just expected to perform and meet the deadlines. The MBO Process sometimes do treat individuals as mere machines. The MBO process increases comparisons between individuals at the workplace. Employees tend to depend on nasty politics and other unproductive tasks to outshine their fellow workers. Employees do only what their superiors ask them to do. Their work lacks innovation, creativity and sometimes also becomes monotonous. 4. Write a note on Judicial Approach to Discipline Judicial Approaches To Discipline: In our last lecture we have discussed Grievance and Redress Mechanism. In our lecture of date we will discuss the Judicial Approaches to Discipline. You are aware that DISCIPLINE is must for the p rogress of any organisation and failure to maintain discipline created a number of problems. By having discipline in any organisation there shall be optimum utilization of the sources, which are available in the hands of entrepreneur. Beside what is stated above, effective  discipline  is  a  sign  of  sound  human  and  industrial  relations  and Organisational health. Need for Disciplinary Measure Rules and regulations are necessary to  maintain peace,  prevent anarchy, and  regulate conduct and behaviour of the people. The rules are made for those people who are not interested to maintain the basic principles of discipline. By enactment of the code of  conduct of discipline, the behaviour of the people is regulated Meaning of Discipline Orderliness Training corrects, moulds and strengthens discipline Punishment enforces the discipline Aspects of Discipline Positive Aspect – Employees believes in discipline and maintain their conduct as per code of as prescribed for maintaining discipline Negative Aspect – The employees some time do not adhere to the rules and regulations for maintaining discipline where they work. The failure to maintain the prescribed rules and regulations may invite disciplinary actions against the delinquent employees Objectives of Discipline 1. Willing acceptance of  rules and  regulations; 2. To impart elements of certainty 3. To develop spirit of tolerance and desire for adjustment; 4. Give  and seek direction  and  responsibility; 5. Create an atmosphere of respect for human relations6. To increase working efficiency and morale Constructive Programme of Discipline – It has been observed that some of the employees deviate from the expected standard of  behaviour. To have control over the behaviour of such persons, it has become essentialto have constructive programme of disciple to deal with such people who violates theseprinciples of discipline. This Programme can be based on the following principles: – 1. Formulation of a set of clear and  reasonable rules 2. Impartial enforcement of these  rules 3. Uniformed supervisory skills on  disciplinary matters  And  its strict adherence 4. Impartial and uniform system  of investigation INDISCIPLINE Disorderliness Insubordination and not to follow the code of conduct. Causes of Indiscipline i) Non- placement  of  right  persons  on  the right  job  according  to  qualification and experience ii) Undesirable  behaviour  of  senior  officials iii) Faulty evaluation  of  persons iv) Lack  of  communication v) Lack  of  communication v) Weak  leadership vi) Defective supervision and  absence  of  good  supervisors Viii) Lack of properly drawn rules  and regulations ix) Illiteracy and  low intellectual level of  knowledge. x)Workers  reaction  to  rigidity  and  multiplicity  of  rules xi)Workers personal problems like fear, lack of confidence xii)Bad  working  conditions xiii)Absence of enlighten, sympathetic and scientific  approach of  management xiv)Errors of judgements .xv)Discrimination xvi)Undesirable management practices xvii)Improper  coordination, delegation  of powers/authority xviii)Psychological  reasons ix)Misunderstanding Approaches to Discipline 1. Human relations  approach 2. Human resources  approach 3. Group discipline  approach4. The Leadership  approach 5. The Judicial Approach The principles  indicated  by  the  Supreme  Court  for proceedings  against  thedelinquent  employee  are  known  as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles  of  a  Natural  Justice†Ã‚  these include: 1. The  delinquent  employee  must  be  indicated  in  unambiguous  terms about charge levelled against him; 2. The delinquent employee must be given an opportunity for conducting his defence, I. e. by cross examination of the witness. 3. The enquiry  should be fair and enquiry officer should be impartial 4. The evidence should be put forward in the presence of the employed charged; 5. Punishment  should be  proportionate to misconduct  committed Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 We have, while having discussions of the above act, described the act of omission and commissions, which are alleged to have been committed by the delinquent employees. However, to revise the same, the same are given as under : i. Wilful insubordination or disobedience (whether alone or in combination with others) of any lawful and reasonable orders, rules or regulation; ii. Refusal to work  on  a job or  machine which has  been  assigned to him; iii. Refusal to accept or reply charge sheet within the prescribed period of time ; iv. Theft, fraud or dishonesty in connection with the property of  the company; v. Theft of  another employee’s property inside  the industrial area or company premises vi. Causing wilful  damage  to or loss of  , the employer’s goods or property; vii. Causing damage to product in process or property; viii. Sabotage  of,  or interference with safety devices ix. Disregard  of any  operational or  maintenance instructions or carelessness  in  the  performance  of  operational  and maintenance job; x. Non-observance  of  safety  precautions and  rules; xi. Taking  or  giving  bribe or any  illegal gratification. xii. Acceptance  of  gifts  from  subordinates xiii. Habitual late  coming; xiv. Absence  from  duty  without  leave; xv. Overstay when on leave  without  prior  authorized permission; xvi. Absence  from  work  without  permission  for  more  than consecutive days xvii. Leaving  the  work premises  with  authorized  permission; xviii. Entering or leaving, or attempting to enter or leave, the work  premises except through authorized entrance; xix. Assaulting or abusing or in any way insulting an officer of the company inside or outside the premises of the organisation; xx. Drunkenness, or coming to work  under  the influence  of  drink; xxi. Gambling on  company property and company premises; xxii. Fighting  or  indulging  in  riotous,  disorderly  or  indecentbehaviour in the company premises or indulging in any act which subversive of discipline; xxiii. Smoking  in  prohibited  area xxiv. Gross negligence of duty; xxv. Sleeping  while on duty; xxvi. Threatening or intimating  any employee inside or  outside the company premises; xxvii. Unlawful interference  in the  work  of other employees; xxviii. Tardiness, slow tactics or neglecting to perform properly xxix. Striking or inciting other to go on strike; xxx. Collecting  any  money  or canvassing  the  collection of  money inside the premises; xxxi. Holding  of unauthorized meeting in the premises. xxxii. Distribution  or  exhibition  with  the  premises  of  the establishment of any news paper, notice, pamphlets or poster without prior permission; xxxiii. Unauthorized use of company quarters or land for any purposeother than lawful purpose; xxxiv. Conduct in private life which is prejudicial to the reputation of  the company; xxxv. Conviction in any court of  law of any criminal  offence or an offence involving moral turpitude; xxxvi. Approaching the higher authority through outside agency orpersons for promotion, transfer etc. ; xxxvii. Unauthorized communication of  official documents xxxviii. Giving false  information about his name father’s name age, qualification, pervious experience. , at the time of appointment; xxxix. Writing of anonymous letters or letters written under differentnames criticizing management xl. Spreading false  rum  ours or giving  false  information or making defamatory statements (written or oral) xli. Failure on the part of the employee to inform medical officer regarding infectious disease of his family members xlii. Carrying on money  of  other business xliii. Speculation of any commodity; xliv. Insolvency; xlv. Abetment or attempt any attempt to commit act of misconduct; xlvi. Breach of any rules of the company xlvii. Preaching or inciting  people to violence; xlviii. Illegal  strike xlix. Failure or refusal to wear any protective equipment given by the company . How to cite Public Administration, Essay examples Public Administration Free Essays MPA – 014 : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1. Discuss the scope and implications of SHRM. The model just described represents an expansion on the more typical model that has been implied in the SHRM literature, in which HR practices are presumed to be associated with performance through their influence on employee skills, attitudes, and motivation IMPLICATIONS: SHRM Implies accepting the HR function as an integral part to the formulation of the companies strategies and Implementation of the same through specific HRM practices like recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel ? SHRM encourages managers to be proactive which means to think ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Attainment of organization objectives through human capital. ? It enhances individual performance by development of commitment at all levels. It enables development of need based personnel policy/HR policy as a prerequisite for optimum use of human resources. ? Integration of HRM policy with business goals or objectives. ? Developing supportive work culture in order to encourage creativity, team work, TQM as well as innovation and a sense of belonging. ? Creation of flexible environment because in flexible environment employees can easily adapt to changing competitive environment. ? Creation of flexible working hours/ function. ? Integration of people related issues with business issues. SHRM Implies a logically connected approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on employment policy and manpower strategy underpinned by Philosophy * SHRM implies the use of Planning to maximise the advantage from HRM * Implies that HRM activities and polices are aspects of ex plicitly formulated business strategy * It Recognises HR’s partnership role in the strategising process * Incorporates Ethical and legal considerations, which in turn have complex implications for the achievement of a wide range of business objectives like Equity; Consideration ; Commitment and Working Conditions . Discuss the Advantages and Shortcomings of HR Planing. Human resource planning can be defined as the process of identifying the number of people required by an organization in terms of quantity and quality. All human resource management activities start with human resource planning. HR Planning is the formal process of linking organisational strategy with Human resource Practices. HR Planning is also known as Manpower Planning. It is a technique of correcting imbalances between manpower demand and supply in an organisation at a micro level and in the economy at the macro level. The two aspects of manpower planning are Quantitative and Qualitative. HR Planning Occurs at several levels: Aggregated Workforce planning at the strategic level†¦ it is needed to counteract pulls and pressures of Globalisation Career Planning of Homogenous group of employees at the Tactical Level†¦ addresses the career planning and development needs of personnel in the organisation Posting and deployment planning of individuals at the operational level†¦ assists the HR managers to formulate optimal personnel posting and deployment plan for the employees ADVANTAGES: Human resources planning anticipate not only the required kind and number of employees but also determine the action plan for all functions of personnel management. a)  Human resource planning is   necessary   of   all organization . The cooperate pal of the organization   regarding expansion, diversification, technological change, should be backed up by the availability of human resources. It suggests modification in the plan when the expected manpower is not available. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It offsets uncertainty and change. Sometime the organization   may have machines and money but not men and consequently the production cannot be started. It offsets such uncertainly and changes to the maximum possible and enables the society to have right men at right time and in the right place. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It provides scope for advancement and development of employees through training, development etc. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to satisfy the individual needs of the employees for the promotions transfers, salary enhancement, better benefits etc. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in anticipating the cost of salary, benefits and all the cost of human resources facilitating the formulation of budgets in a society. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to foresee the need for redundancy and plans to check of human resources and to change the techniques of management. g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in planning for physical facilities, working conditions, the volume of fringe benefits like canteen, schools, hospitals, conveyance, child care centers, quarters, company stores etc. h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It causes the develo pment of various sources of human resources to meet the organizational needs. i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps to take steps to improve human resource contributions in the form of increased productivity, sales, turnover etc. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It facilitates the control of all functions, operations, contribution and cost of human resources SHORTCOMINGS: 1. The future is uncertain :- The future in any country is uncertain i. e. there are political, cultural, technological changes taking place every day. This effects   the employment situation. Accordingly the company may have to appoint or remove people. Therefore HRP can only be a guiding   factor. We cannot rely too much on it and do every action according to it. 2. Conservative attitude of top management :- Much top management adopts a conservative attitude and is not ready to make changes. The process of HRP. 3. Problem of surplus staff :- HRP gives a clear out solution for excess staff i. e. Termination, layoff, VRS,. However when certain employees are removed from company it mostly affects the psyche of the existing employee, and they start feeling insecure, stressed out and do not believe in the company. This is a limitation of HRP i. e. it does not provide alternative solution like re-training so that employee need not be removed from the company. 4. Time consuming activity :- HRP collects information from all departments, regarding demand and supply of personnel. This information is collected in detail and each and every job is considered. Therefore the activity takes up a lot of time. 5. Expensive process :- The solution provided by process of HRP incurs expense. E. g. VRS, overtime, etc. company has to spend a lot of money in    carrying out the activity. Hence we can say the process is expensive. 6. Define TQM and differentiate it from the Traditional management Total quality management  or  TQM  is an integrative philosophy of  management  for continuously improving the  quality  of products and processes. 1] TQM can be applied to any type of organization; it originated in the manufacturing sector and has since been adapted for use in almost every type of organization Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comprehensive and structured approach to organizational management that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through ongoing refinements in response to continuous feedback TQM is based on the premise that t he quality of products and processes is the responsibility of everyone involved with the creation or consumption of the products or services offered by an organization, requiring the involvement of management, workforce, suppliers, and customers, to meet or exceed customer expectations. Nine common TQM practices:[2] 1. cross-functional product design 2. process management 3. supplier quality management 4. customer involvement 5. information and  feedback 6. committed  leadership 7. strategic planning 8. cross-functional training 9. employee involvement TQM processes are divided into four sequential categories: plan, do, check, and act (thePDCA cycle). In the  planning  phase, people define the problem to be addressed, collect relevant data, and ascertain the problem’s root cause; in the  doing  phase, people develop and implement a solution, and decide upon a measurement to gauge its effectiveness; in the  checking  phase, people confirm the results through before-and-after data comparison; in the  acting  phase, people document their results, inform others about process changes, and make recommendations for the problem to be addressed in the next PDCA cycle. Total quality management vs traditional management style Total quality management has changed the traditional management style forever. It was a very radical movement those days. Some of these changes are radical even today. Few of these changes are discussed below. Traditional way of management focused on internal activities. Quality had a meaning which was totally internally defined. Products or services provided by organization were assumed to be good in quality, if this organization has done its best in producing that product or service. But in total quality management, focus is the customer. So that ultimate decider of the quality is the customer. Fitting to the customer requirement was the least requirement while delighting them is the ultimate goal. Traditionally people thought bad quality products are due to the workers who do not perform their job correctly. One of the major differences between total quality management and traditional management style is the assignment of the responsibility of the quality to the management. Especially responsibility of the quality goes into the middle level management in the operational level. Total quality management is an organization wide movement. All the organization has to be in unity to apply TQM principles. Total quality management, unlike traditional management calls for high amount of team working. Team building, specially cross functional teams are feature of TQM. These teams will provide the necessary momentum to the implementation process and will propel the system forward, with very less resistance. TQM believes in quality assurance rather than checking. Quality is inbuilt to the system, so that products are assured to be in good quality. Some decision like narrowing down the supplier base is total quality management concepts used for this purpose, which is revolutionary still today. Unlike in traditional management style, total quality management makes decisions on facts and figures. Therefore problems are identified correctly. Therefore solutions are well planned. TQM depends on cyclic thinking. Also it is continuous. Therefore improvements are small, stable and continuous in nature. This is also known as Kaizen. These events are used in teambuilding, brain storming and decision making. There are many other differences between the old or the traditional way of management to the total quality management. In the bigger picture, TQM has basically changed the culture and the thinking patterns of the organization. TQM challenges Traditional Management * TQM is a direct challenge to traditional management. Because it is so different, it simply cannot be an â€Å"add-on† to traditional management. Nor can it be combined with traditional management structures when a corporation is restructuring. Trying to combine techniques will result in failure. Decision-Making Differences * In the traditional management model, decisions are centralized or made from the top down. This means a manager makes the decisions, and the lower levels are supposed to follow. It is very much like the military. In TQM, the lower levels have a hand in making decisions. For example, a machine operator notices his machine is making bad parts. In a traditional model, he calls the supervisor over, who makes the decision to call the maintenance department. In TQM, the employee makes the decision to call the maintenance department. Responsibility for Quality * In the traditional model, a quality control department or person assumes responsibility for the quality of the product. In the TQM model, the individual machine operator assumes responsibility for quality. In the traditional model, the quality control department spots bad products. It investigates and discovers a machine is worn out. In TQM, the machine operator herself inspects every part coming out of the machine. If all the operators inspect the product as it is being built, the entire crew becomes the quality control department. Focus * In traditional management, the focus is internalized, whereas in TQM the focus is external. This means in traditional management, the focus is on a â€Å"doing the best we can† philosophy. In TQM, the focus is on the customer, who may demand more than what the company expects of itself. In TQM, the customer is the final quality control inspector. Fault Finding * In traditional management, when something goes wrong with quality, the fault is usually directed at the employee. In TQM, the fault is placed on management, who did not perform their duties correctly. 4. Write a note on MBO Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources It refers to the process of setting goals for the employees so that they know what they are supposed to do at the workplace. Management by Objectives defines roles and responsibilities for the employees and help them chalk out their future course of action in the organization. Management by objectives guides the employees to deliver their level best and achieve the targets within the stipulated time frame. Some of the important features and advantages of MBO are: 1. Motivation – Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment. 2. Better communication and coordination – Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems. 3. Clarity of goals 4. Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person. 5. Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organization’s objectives. Need for Management by Objectives (MBO) The Management by Objectives process helps the employees to understand their duties at the workplace. * KRAs are designed for each employee as per their interest, specialization and educational qualification. * The employees are clear as to what is expected out of them. * Management by Objectives proces s leads to satisfied employees. It avoids job mismatch and unnecessary confusions later on. * Employees in their own way contribute to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization. Every employee has his own role at the workplace. Each one feels indispensable for the organization and eventually develops a feeling of loyalty towards the organization. They tend to stick to the organization for a longer span of time and contribute effectively. They enjoy at the workplace and do not treat work as a burden. * Management by Objectives ensures effective communication amongst the employees. It leads to a positive ambience at the workplace. * Management by Objectives leads to well defined hierarchies at the workplace. It ensures transparency at all levels. A supervisor of any organization would never directly interact with the Managing Director in case of queries. He would first meet his reporting boss who would then pass on the message to his senior and so on. Every one is clear about his position in the organization. * The MBO Process leads to highly motivated and committed employees. The MBO Process sets a benchmark for every employee. The superiors set targets for each of the team members. Each employee is given a list of specific tasks. Limitations of Management by objectives Process * It sometimes ignores the prevailing culture and working conditions of the organization. * More emphasis is being laid on targets and objectives. It just expects the employees to achieve their targets and meet the objectives of the organization without bothering much about the existing circumstances at the workplace. Employees are just expected to perform and meet the deadlines. The MBO Process sometimes do treat individuals as mere machines. The MBO process increases comparisons between individuals at the workplace. Employees tend to depend on nasty politics and other unproductive tasks to outshine their fellow workers. Employees do only what their superiors ask them to do. Their work lacks innovation, creativity and sometimes also becomes monotonous. 4. Write a note on Judicial Approach to Discipline Judicial Approaches To Discipline: In our last lecture we have discussed Grievance and Redress Mechanism. In our lecture of date we will discuss the Judicial Approaches to Discipline. You are aware that DISCIPLINE is must for the p rogress of any organisation and failure to maintain discipline created a number of problems. By having discipline in any organisation there shall be optimum utilization of the sources, which are available in the hands of entrepreneur. Beside what is stated above, effective  discipline  is  a  sign  of  sound  human  and  industrial  relations  and Organisational health. Need for Disciplinary Measure Rules and regulations are necessary to  maintain peace,  prevent anarchy, and  regulate conduct and behaviour of the people. The rules are made for those people who are not interested to maintain the basic principles of discipline. By enactment of the code of  conduct of discipline, the behaviour of the people is regulated Meaning of Discipline Orderliness Training corrects, moulds and strengthens discipline Punishment enforces the discipline Aspects of Discipline Positive Aspect – Employees believes in discipline and maintain their conduct as per code of as prescribed for maintaining discipline Negative Aspect – The employees some time do not adhere to the rules and regulations for maintaining discipline where they work. The failure to maintain the prescribed rules and regulations may invite disciplinary actions against the delinquent employees Objectives of Discipline 1. Willing acceptance of  rules and  regulations; 2. To impart elements of certainty 3. To develop spirit of tolerance and desire for adjustment; 4. Give  and seek direction  and  responsibility; 5. Create an atmosphere of respect for human relations6. To increase working efficiency and morale Constructive Programme of Discipline – It has been observed that some of the employees deviate from the expected standard of  behaviour. To have control over the behaviour of such persons, it has become essentialto have constructive programme of disciple to deal with such people who violates theseprinciples of discipline. This Programme can be based on the following principles: – 1. Formulation of a set of clear and  reasonable rules 2. Impartial enforcement of these  rules 3. Uniformed supervisory skills on  disciplinary matters  And  its strict adherence 4. Impartial and uniform system  of investigation INDISCIPLINE Disorderliness Insubordination and not to follow the code of conduct. Causes of Indiscipline i) Non- placement  of  right  persons  on  the right  job  according  to  qualification and experience ii) Undesirable  behaviour  of  senior  officials iii) Faulty evaluation  of  persons iv) Lack  of  communication v) Lack  of  communication v) Weak  leadership vi) Defective supervision and  absence  of  good  supervisors Viii) Lack of properly drawn rules  and regulations ix) Illiteracy and  low intellectual level of  knowledge. x)Workers  reaction  to  rigidity  and  multiplicity  of  rules xi)Workers personal problems like fear, lack of confidence xii)Bad  working  conditions xiii)Absence of enlighten, sympathetic and scientific  approach of  management xiv)Errors of judgements .xv)Discrimination xvi)Undesirable management practices xvii)Improper  coordination, delegation  of powers/authority xviii)Psychological  reasons ix)Misunderstanding Approaches to Discipline 1. Human relations  approach 2. Human resources  approach 3. Group discipline  approach4. The Leadership  approach 5. The Judicial Approach The principles  indicated  by  the  Supreme  Court  for proceedings  against  thedelinquent  employee  are  known  as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles  of  a  Natural  Justice†Ã‚  these include: 1. The  delinquent  employee  must  be  indicated  in  unambiguous  terms about charge levelled against him; 2. The delinquent employee must be given an opportunity for conducting his defence, I. e. by cross examination of the witness. 3. The enquiry  should be fair and enquiry officer should be impartial 4. The evidence should be put forward in the presence of the employed charged; 5. Punishment  should be  proportionate to misconduct  committed Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 We have, while having discussions of the above act, described the act of omission and commissions, which are alleged to have been committed by the delinquent employees. However, to revise the same, the same are given as under : i. Wilful insubordination or disobedience (whether alone or in combination with others) of any lawful and reasonable orders, rules or regulation; ii. Refusal to work  on  a job or  machine which has  been  assigned to him; iii. Refusal to accept or reply charge sheet within the prescribed period of time ; iv. Theft, fraud or dishonesty in connection with the property of  the company; v. Theft of  another employee’s property inside  the industrial area or company premises vi. Causing wilful  damage  to or loss of  , the employer’s goods or property; vii. Causing damage to product in process or property; viii. Sabotage  of,  or interference with safety devices ix. Disregard  of any  operational or  maintenance instructions or carelessness  in  the  performance  of  operational  and maintenance job; x. Non-observance  of  safety  precautions and  rules; xi. Taking  or  giving  bribe or any  illegal gratification. xii. Acceptance  of  gifts  from  subordinates xiii. Habitual late  coming; xiv. Absence  from  duty  without  leave; xv. Overstay when on leave  without  prior  authorized permission; xvi. Absence  from  work  without  permission  for  more  than consecutive days xvii. Leaving  the  work premises  with  authorized  permission; xviii. Entering or leaving, or attempting to enter or leave, the work  premises except through authorized entrance; xix. Assaulting or abusing or in any way insulting an officer of the company inside or outside the premises of the organisation; xx. Drunkenness, or coming to work  under  the influence  of  drink; xxi. Gambling on  company property and company premises; xxii. Fighting  or  indulging  in  riotous,  disorderly  or  indecentbehaviour in the company premises or indulging in any act which subversive of discipline; xxiii. Smoking  in  prohibited  area xxiv. Gross negligence of duty; xxv. Sleeping  while on duty; xxvi. Threatening or intimating  any employee inside or  outside the company premises; xxvii. Unlawful interference  in the  work  of other employees; xxviii. Tardiness, slow tactics or neglecting to perform properly xxix. Striking or inciting other to go on strike; xxx. Collecting  any  money  or canvassing  the  collection of  money inside the premises; xxxi. Holding  of unauthorized meeting in the premises. xxxii. Distribution  or  exhibition  with  the  premises  of  the establishment of any news paper, notice, pamphlets or poster without prior permission; xxxiii. Unauthorized use of company quarters or land for any purposeother than lawful purpose; xxxiv. Conduct in private life which is prejudicial to the reputation of  the company; xxxv. Conviction in any court of  law of any criminal  offence or an offence involving moral turpitude; xxxvi. Approaching the higher authority through outside agency orpersons for promotion, transfer etc. ; xxxvii. Unauthorized communication of  official documents xxxviii. Giving false  information about his name father’s name age, qualification, pervious experience. , at the time of appointment; xxxix. Writing of anonymous letters or letters written under differentnames criticizing management xl. Spreading false  rum  ours or giving  false  information or making defamatory statements (written or oral) xli. Failure on the part of the employee to inform medical officer regarding infectious disease of his family members xlii. Carrying on money  of  other business xliii. Speculation of any commodity; xliv. Insolvency; xlv. Abetment or attempt any attempt to commit act of misconduct; xlvi. Breach of any rules of the company xlvii. Preaching or inciting  people to violence; xlviii. Illegal  strike xlix. Failure or refusal to wear any protective equipment given by the company . How to cite Public Administration, Papers

Advertising and Management

Question: Discuss about the Advertising and Management. Answer: Introduction (100 words) Advertising is an integral part of modern day business. Many enterprises have used it as a tool for conveying product advantage thus gaining appeal and positive results. In other words, the perception of the consumers is dependent of the manner in which the adverts are used to convey the message about the target product. Thus, the objective of this paper is to design an advertising plan for Nestle Company in Australia. The program outlines the 7Ms of advertising up to and including innovative measures so as to ensure that the objectives of the plan are smart and achievable by the end of the advertising campaign (Bruce, Barringer, and Duane Ireland, 2006). Background Information on the Product Nestle Company acquired the full ownership of the Dreyers Ice cream company in 2006 making it the leading producers of packaged food products in the world. The brand of Dreyers ice cream in Australia is increasing gaining momentum among the young children. The company is based in Western Australian but commands the market in the entire region (Gustibus, 2013). Data from market researchers reveals that a greater percentage of Australian people love ice cream. This has made Nestle to stock several store and supermarkets with their products. Besides Reich, Paun, and Davies, (2005) outlines that Dreyers Ice cream, Nestle have over 60 brands of products registered under its name in a bid to realize their objective of catering for every need of all people across the nation. Nestle Company is the world leading producers of packaged foods including ice cream. It is seconded by Kraft and Unilever in that order. Part of the companys mission is to add vitality in life through innovation of new brand of products. Among the most loved ice cream available in the Australian market include the Dreyers, and Drumstick. Headquartered in US but have subsidiaries in different regions, Nestle commands over 18% of the world total market. However, with increasing competition from other producers such as Unilever, advertising plan remains the only option for Nestle to continue holding its market share and even expand it further. The project outlines strategies that can be employed by Nestle to extend its market share among the young generation. Target Audience (300) One of most important stages for every enterprise undertaking marketing and strategic planning is target marketing. It enables a company to separate consumers based on similarity of needs and preferences (Duncan, 2005; Mullin, 2014). When a company identifies a target group(s), it becomes very easy to conquer a market niche and increase brand loyalty. The bases of market segmentation include demography, psychographic, and behavioral pattern. For this paper, demographic segment shall be analyzed, particularly with regard to age. Outlined below is the target market for Nestles Dreyers Ice cream. Juniors (below 12 years old) Even though this segment has often been despised as having low purchasing power, its ability to influence the process of decision making on purchases cannot be overlooked. The behavioral pattern of the junior market is often reinforced by their elders who could be their parents, guardians, and/or caregivers. For examples, the parents or guardians may reward them with the ice cream or money for ice cream following an obedient act. A secondary segment to this segment is the parents of the 3 -12 year old children since they often make the purchase decision on behalf of their children. Over seventy five percent of ice cream users are children aged between 3 and 12 years, thus they form the primary users of the product. Nevertheless, it is not the children that neither do the purchases nor the actual consumers. Thus, Nestle need to target household purchasers who are often fathers, mothers, guardians, and secondarily children under close monitoring. Thus, to reach the intended market Nest le will have to intertwine with the senior markets. Another segment market for the product is the wholesalers and organizations. Wholesalers purchase the product based on sales volume and discount obtainable. On the other hand, organizations purchase the products for occasion such as meeting, gatherings, and parties. Communication Objectives To create awareness of the Dreyers Ice cream brand and product among seventy percent of the target audience after the implementation of IMC plan and the product is launched within a span of one year or two. Awareness is defined by the ability to recognize the brand logo, and identify products by the Nestle and associate the quality with the characteristics of the brand (Schroeder, 2016). Create interest in the Ice cream product in over half of the target audience one year into the implementation of IMC plan and launching of the product. To build up and position a differentiation strategy that will position Dreyers Ice cream in the mind of customers with causing confusion with other similar brands that are available in the market. Realize at least fifteen percent of the total annual sales of the Nestle Australia within the span of 12 months. Use the Dreyers product brand to gain a foot trend for Nestles Ice Cream. In other words, formulating a reposition strategy to alter the consumers long-held notion of seeing ice cream as junk food but rather as part of a dish that is nutritionally valuable for the family (Woods Marian Burk, 2010). Creative Strategies The main objective of advertising this brand is to make Dreyers ice cream the fun brand for the young generation. One of the key strategies is to increase social media presence so as to increase recognition of the brand among consumers in places such as Twitter, Facebook, Tumbler, Youtube, and Pinterest. Research has shown the ad repetition helps in facilitating learning and thus enables the consumers to get more familiar with the product. Cognitive message are recommended for when introducing products that are low involving like ice cream (Terence, 2010). Develop concepts that revolves around the using of ice cream within a family setup Create the concept of affordability that sounds expensive Remain flexible with regard to current campaign strategies Media Plan Media Media Channels Trends and Schedule in Media Channels Television National TV networks e.g The Television network were chosen based on popularity within the region and the frequency of coverage whether high that would enable potential consumers to see the product Radio The radio stations chosen are the top in the country and adverts are aired for extended period of time. Mail Order Homes, Offices, and Post Boxes Pamphlets and bronchures shall be made available to all homes across the country to create awareness of the new product and its features Newspaper The newspapers have a high reach. It is proposed that the advert will appear in the newspapers three times per week Internet Forums, websites, and fan page A personalized website shall be created alongside fan page such as facebook and forum pages such as Twitter to run during the campaign period. Conclusion The main goal of this research was to create and IMC plan for the recently launch ice cream product. It was evident that best places for targeting the parents are through promotional events, television, public relations, internet and direct mail. To gain the market share from the current competitors, Nestle will have to employ the above mentioned mediums. This will position the brand among the best ice cream products in the region. When launching a new product, there is need to solicit trails. Thus samples should be availed at different outlets. Lastly, Nestle Company must focus on ensuring that their marketing strategy campaigns are integrated. The plan has outlined five main media that can be employed in promoting the product across all targets. Bibliography Belch, G; Belch, M; Kerr, G and Powell, I., 2011, Advertising: An Integrated MarketingCommunication Perspective, 3rd Edition, Australia, McGraw Hill. Bruce R. Barringer, R., and Duane Ireland, 2006, Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, NY, Pearson Prentice Hall. Duncan Tom, Ph.D. 2005. Principles of advertising and IMC, second edition. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Gustibus, D., 2013, Ice Creams Identity Crisis, The New York Times Kunz, G.I. 2005, Merchandising: Theory, Principles and Practice, Fairchild, New York, NY. Mullin R., 2014. Promotional marketing: how to create, implement and integrate campaigns that really work. Percy L., and Rosenbaum-Elliot R., 2012, Strategic advertising management. Fourth edition. Oxford University Press. Reich, D., Paun, R., Davies, S., 2005, We All Scream for Ice Cream: An Analysis of the Nestl-Dreyers Merger. Retrieved from https://www.mcafee.cc/Classes/BEM106/Papers/2005/IceCream.pdf Rossiter John R and Bellman Steven. 2005. Marketing communications theory and applications. Pearson Prentice Hall. Schroeder, E., 2016, Nestle moves to simplify ingredients in ice cream, Food Business News, Terence A. Shimp. 2010. Integrated Marketing Communication in Advertising and Promotion. International edition. South-Western Cengage Learning Woods Marian Burk. 2010. Essential Guide to marketing planning. FT Prentice Hall Financial Times